THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO HEAT ENGINES

By KAREN WILSON

CONTENTS I HISTORICAL ROOTS: FROM HEAT ENGINES TO COSMOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS AND THE LAWS OF GASES INTRODUCTION THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS EQUILIBRIUM AND NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS BIOLOGICAL AND OTHER OPEN SYSTEMS TEMPERATURE, HEAT AND QUANTITATIVE LAWS OF GASES STATES OF MATTER AND THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION AN INTRODUCTION TO THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES PARTIAL DERIVATIVES ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS IN PROBABILITY THEORY MATHEMATICA CODES REFERENCES EXAMPLES EXERCISES THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE IDEA OF ENERGY CONSERVATION AMIDST NEW DISCOVERIES THE NATURE OF HEAT THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY ELEMENTARY APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW THERMOCHEMISTRY: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS EXTENT OF REACTION: A STATE VARIABLE FOR CHEMICAL SYSTEMS CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND SOME GENERAL REMARKS ENERGY FLOWS AND ORGANIZED STATES ENERGY FLOW IN THE USA FOR THE YEAR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE ARROW OF TIME THE BIRTH OF THE SECOND LAW THE ABSOLUTE SCALE OF TEMPERATURE THE SECOND LAW AND THE CONCEPT OF ENTROPY MODERN FORMULATION OF THE SECOND LAW EXAMPLES OF ENTROPY CHANGES DUE TO IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES ENTROPY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS ENTROPY OF AN IDEAL GAS REMARKS ABOUT THE SECOND LAW AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES THE HURRICANE AS A HEAT ENGINE ENTROPY PRODUCTION IN CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS ENTROPY IN THE REALM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND AFFINITY: THE THERMODYNAMIC FORCE FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AFFINITY ENTROPY PRODUCTION DUE TO DIFFUSION GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENTROPY THERMODYNAMICS DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION EXAMPLE II EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS EXTREMUM PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS EXTREMUM PRINCIPLES IN NATURE EXTREMUM PRINCIPLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SECOND LAW GENERAL THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL MAXWELL RELATIONS EXTENSIVITY WITH RESPECT TO N AND PARTIAL MOLAR QUANTITIES SURFACE TENSION BASIC THERMODYNAMICS OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS THERMODYNAMICS OF IDEAL GASES THERMODYNAMICS OF REAL GASES THERMODYNAMICS QUANTITIES FOR PURE LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS REFERENCE THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE CHANGE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND PHASE DIAGRAMS THE GIBBS PHASE RULE AND DUHEM’S THEOREM BINARY AND TERNARY SYSTEMS MAXWELL’S CONSTRUCTION AND THE LEVER RULE PHASE TRANSITIONS THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLUTIONS IDEAL AND NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC MIXING AND EXCESS FUNCTIONS AZEOTROPY THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS TRANSFORMATIONS OF MATTER CHEMICAL REACTION RATES CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND THE LAW OF MASS ACTION THE PRINCIPLE OF DETAILED BALANCE ENTROPY PRODUCTION DUE TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS ELEMENTARY THEORY OF CHEMICAL REACTION RATES COUPLED REACTIONS AND FLOW REACTORS FIELDS AND INTERNAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM THE MANY FACES OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL CHEMICAL POTENTIAL IN A FIELD MEMBRANES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS ISOTHERMAL DIFFUSION CHEMICAL POTENTIAL FOR AN INTERNAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM THERMODYNAMICS OF RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY AND INTENSITY OF THERMAL RADIATION THE EQUATION OF STATE ENTROPY AND ADIABATIC PROCESSES WIEN’S THEOREM CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF THERMAL RADIATION MATTER–ANTIMATTER IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH THERMAL RADIATION: THE STATE OF ZERO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL CHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF RADIATION NOT IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM WITH MATTER ENTROPY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM RADIATION III FLUCTUATIONS AND STABILITY THE GIBBS STABILITY THEORY CLASSICAL STABILITY THEORY THERMAL STABILITY MECHANICAL STABILITY STABILITY AND FLUCTUATIONS IN NK CRITICAL PHENOMENA AND CONFIGURATIONAL HEAT CAPACITY STABILITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA STABILITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA IN BINARY SOLUTIONS CONFIGURATIONAL HEAT CAPACITY FURTHER READING ENTROPY PRODUCTION, FLUCTUATIONS AND SMALL SYSTEMS STABILITY AND ENTROPY PRODUCTION THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF FLUCTUATIONS SMALL SYSTEMS SIZE-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES NUCLEATION IV LINEAR NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS: THE FOUNDATIONS LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM LOCAL ENTROPY PRODUCTION BALANCE EQUATION FOR CONCENTRATION ENERGY CONSERVATION IN OPEN SYSTEMS THE ENTROPY BALANCE EQUATION ENTROPY PRODUCTION NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS: THE LINEAR REGIME LINEAR PHENOMENOLOGICAL LAWS ONSAGER RECIPROCAL RELATIONS AND THE SYMMETRY PRINCIPLE THERMOELECTRIC PHENOMENA DIFFUSION CHEMICAL REACTIONS HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA AND THE SAXEN RELATIONS THERMAL DIFFUSION NONEQUILIBRIUM STATIONARY STATES AND THEIR STABILITY: LINEAR REGIME STATIONARY STATES UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS THE THEOREM OF MINIMUM ENTROPY PRODUCTION TIME VARIATION OF ENTROPY PRODUCTION AND THE STABILITY OF STATIONARY STATES V ORDER THROUGH FLUCTUATIONS NONLINEAR THERMODYNAMICS FAR-FROM-EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENTROPY PRODUCTION STABILITY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM STATIONARY STATES LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS A GENERAL PROPERTY OF DFP/DT GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR THE TIME DERIVATIVE OF ??2S DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURES THE CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES LOSS OF STABILITY, BIFURCATION AND SYMMETRY BREAKING CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING AND LIFE CHEMICAL OSCILLATIONS TURING STRUCTURES AND PROPAGATING WAVES DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURES AND MACHINES STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY AND BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION ELEMENTS OF STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS FUNDAMENTALS AND OVERVIEW PARTITION FUNCTION FACTORIZATION THE BOLTZMANN PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND AVERAGE VALUES MICROSTATES, ENTROPY AND THE CANONICAL ENSEMBLE CANONICAL PARTITION FUNCTION AND THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES CALCULATING PARTITION FUNCTIONS EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS HEAT CAPACITIES OF SOLIDS PLANCK’S DISTRIBUTION LAW FOR THERMAL RADIATION APPROXIMATIONS AND INTEGRALS SELF-ORGANIZATION AND DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURES IN NATURE DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURES IN DIVERSE DISCIPLINES TOWARDS A THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF ORGANISMS EPILOGUE PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND DATA STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES ENERGY UNITS AND CONVERSIONS ANSWERS TO EXERCISES