MODERN ENGINES AND POWER GENERATORS
CONTENTS STATE-OF-THE-ART OF COMBINED COOLING, HEATING, AND POWER (CCHP) SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRIME MOVERS RECIPROCATING IC ENGINES COMBUSTION TURBINES STEAM TURBINES MICRO-TURBINES STIRLING ENGINES FUEL CELLS THERMALLY ACTIVATED TECHNOLOGIES ABSORPTION CHILLERS ADSORPTION CHILLERS DESICCANT DEHUMIDIFIER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION MICRO-SCALE CCHP SYSTEMS SMALL-SCALE CCHP SYSTEMS MEDIUM-SCALE CCHP SYSTEMS LARGE-SCALE CCHP SYSTEMS SYSTEM MANAGEMENT, OPTIMIZATION, AND SIZING CONVENTIONAL OPERATION STRATEGIES NOVEL OPERATION STRATEGIES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION SIZING DEVELOPMENT AND BARRIERS OF CHP/CCHP SYSTEMS IN REPRESENTATIVE COUNTRIES THE UNITED STATES THE UNITED KINGDOM THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SUMMARY REFERENCES AN OPTIMAL SWITCHING STRATEGY FOR OPERATING CCHP SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORK CONVENTIONAL OPERATION STRATEGIES OF CCHP SYSTEMS FEL MODE OF THE CCHP SYSTEM FTL MODE OF THE CCHP SYSTEM EC FUNCTION AND THE OPTIMAL SWITCHING OPERATION STRATEGY PEC CDE COST EC FUNCTION OPTIMAL SWITCHING OPERATION STRATEGY ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION CASE 1: EUSER ?KQUSER CASE 2: EUSER < KQUSER BORDER SURFACES AND PARTITION OF OPERATING MODES CASE STUDY HYPOTHETICAL BUILDING CONFIGURATION TEST RESULTS A BALANCE-SPACE-BASED OPERATION STRATEGY FOR CCHP SYSTEMS OPTIMAL OPERATION STRATEGY CCHP SYSTEMS WITH UNLIMITED PGU CAPACITY CCHP SYSTEMS WITH LIMITED PGU CAPACITY EC FUNCTION CONSTRUCTION PES HTCS CDER OPTIMAL PGU CAPACITY SIMULATION PARAMETERS ENERGY HUB MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION-BASED OPERATION STRATEGY FOR CCHP SYSTEMS SYSTEM MATRIX MODELING EFFICIENCY MATRICES OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS DISPATCH MATRICES CONVERSION MATRIX OF THE CCHP SYSTEM OPTIMAL CONTROL DESIGN DECISION VARIABLES OBJECTIVE FUNCTION NON-LINEAR EQUALITY CONSTRAINT NON-LINEAR INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM 4 A NON-CONVEX OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM 4 A 1 EC FUNCTION CONSTRUCTION 4 A 1 1 PES 4 A 1 2 HTCS 4 A 1 3 CDER 4 A 1 4 EC FUNCTION 4 A 2 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 A 2 1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION 4 A 2 2 NON-CONVEX AND NON-LINEAR EQUALITY CONSTRAINTS 4 A 2 3 LINEAR INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS 4 A 2 4 NON-CONVEX AND NON-LINEAR INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS 4 A 3 OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM 4 A 3 1 AN EXACT PENALTY FORMULATION 4 A 3 2 CONVEXIFICATION OF THE NON-CONVEX INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS 4 A 3 3 SUMMARY SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING AND POST-STRATEGY DESIGN FOR CCHP SYSTEMS ESTIMATION MODEL AND LOAD FORECASTING FIRST STAGE IDENTIFICATION – IV ESTIMATION SECOND STAGE IDENTIFICATION – TSRLS LOAD FORECASTING OPERATION STRATEGY DESIGN OPTIMAL OPERATION STRATEGY FOR FORECASTED LOAD POST-STRATEGY DESIGN WEATHER AND LOAD DATA 5 A CLOSED-FORM IDENTIFICATION SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC ARMAX MODEL 5 A 1 QUADRATIC ARMA MODEL 5 A 2 QUADRATIC ARMAX MODEL COMPLEMENTARY CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION OF A CCHP-ORC SYSTEM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND FORMULATION ENERGY FLOWS AND BALANCES EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY CONVERSION TWO KEY ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS ELECTRICITY TO THERMAL ENERGY OUTPUT RATIO OPTIMAL OPERATION STRATEGY FOR NORMAL LOAD CASES NORMAL LOAD CASE 1: EUSER = KQEQ NORMAL LOAD CASE 2: EUSER < KQEQ NORMAL LOAD CASE 3: EUSER > KQEQ DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OPERATION STRATEGY FOR OVERLOAD CASES OVERLOAD CASE 1: EUSER > ?E PGU O AND QEQ > ?QR OVERLOAD CASE 2: EUSER > ?E PGU O AND QEQ ??QR OVERLOAD CASE 3: EUSER ??E PGU O AND QEQ > ?QR EC FUNCTION OF THE CCHP-ORC SYSTEM