FUEL CONSERVATION IN POWER PLANTS
CONTENTS PART ONE: PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE RELIABILITY OF EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 1 1 TERMINOLOGY, ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS 1 2 BASIC TERMS AND FORMULAS OF RELIABILITY THEORY, PROBABILITY THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS 1 2 1 RELIABILITY MEASURES AND INFORMATION FROM PROBABILITY THEORY 1 2 2 THE CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION, FAILURE RATE 1 2 3 RELATIONSHIP OF RELIABILITY INDICATORS 1 2 4 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF RELIABILITY THEORY STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF TEST RESULTS 1 2 5 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION LAW 1 2 6 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION (BERNOULLI DISTRIBUTION) 1 3 SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SAFETY FEATURES 1 4 STRENGTH RELIABILITY AND ITS CONNECTION WITH NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SERVICE LIFE OF NPP 1 5 AGEING OF EQUIPMENT AND PIPELINES AGEING CONSIDERED AND NOT CONSIDERED IN DESIGN 1 6 QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIABILITY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION OF OPERATING COSTS 1 7 FORMAL–STATISTICAL AND PHYSICO–STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO PREDICTING THE RELIABILITY OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS FORMAL–STATISTICAL METHODS 2 1 THE SIMPLEST MODEL 2 2 MARKOV PROCESSES 2 3 THE MONTE CARLO METHOD 2 3 1 THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MONTE CARLO METHOD 2 3 2 THE PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE INACCURACY OF THE MONTE CARLO METHOD 2 4 RISK THEORY 2 5 ACCOUNTING FOR AGEING IN FORMAL MATHEMATICAL MODELS 2 5 1 DATA FROM OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF SIMILAR EQUIPMENT IN OTHER INDUSTRIES 2 5 2 DATA FROM OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF NPP EQUIPMENT PHYSICO–STATISTICAL APPROACH: PROCEDURES USING THE DEFECT-FREE MODEL OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 3 1 PROBABILITY OF FAILURE UNDER RANDOM STATIC LOADING THE METHOD PROPOSED BY RZHANITSYN 3 2 PROBABILITY OF FAILURE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING CAUSING FATIGUE OF CONSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS PHYSICO–STATISTICAL APPROACH TAKING DEFECTS INTO ACCOUNT AND USING BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 4 1 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES WITH CRACK-TYPE DEFECTS 4 1 1 CRITICAL AND ALLOWABLE DEFECT SIZES 4 1 2 GROWTH OF THE DISCONTINUITY UNDER CYCLIC LOADING 4 1 3 GROWTH OF DISCONTINUITIES IN STATIC LOADING IN A CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT 4 2 METHODS OF DETERMINING FAILURE PROBABILITY USING A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM PHYSICO–STATISTICAL MODELS BASED ON THE RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS 5 1 REGULARITIES OF THE FORMATION, DETECTION AND OMISSION OF DEFECTS DURING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 5 1 1 FORMATION OF DEFECTS IN THE METAL OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 5 1 2 PROBABILISTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF INSPECTION DETECTABILITY OF INSPECTION 5 1 3 METHODS FOR STUDYING THE DETECTABILITY OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 5 1 4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DETECTABILITY OF NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING USING TEST SAMPLES 5 1 5 RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE PISC PROGRAMME 5 1 6 REASONS FOR NON-DETECTION OF DEFECTS 5 2 RESIDUAL DEFECTS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STATE OF THE STRUCTURE METHODS OF DETERMINATION 5 2 1 MATHEMATICAL APPROXIMATION OF THE DETECTION OF DISCONTINUITIES, DEPENDING ON THEIR SIZE 5 2 2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS 5 2 3 ASSESSMENT OF INITIAL AND RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS AND DETECTABILITY OF DEFECTS USING INSPECTION RESULTS 5 2 4 POSSIBILITY OF PREDICTING THE RESULTS OF REPEATED INSPECTION 5 2 5 CREDIBILITY AND PROBABILISTIC COMPONENTS OF RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS 5 3 PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR ASSESSING STRENGTH AND SERVICE LIFE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS IN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 5 3 1 THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF METHODS 5 3 2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PROBABILITY OF FAILURE, THE PROBABILITY OF LEAKAGE AND THE PROBABILITY OF EXISTENCE OF HIDDEN DEFECTS FROM THE PROBABILISTIC PART OF RESIDUAL DEFECTIVENESS 5 3 3 QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DEPENDABILITY INDICATORS, DETERMINED BY THE CRITERIA OF FRACTURE, LEAKAGE OR DEFECT DETECTION IN SERVICE WITH THE NDT RESULTS 5 3 4 METHODS OF DETERMINING GAMMA-PERCENTILE LIFE 5 3 5 INFLUENCE ON THE PROBABILITY OF FAILURE OF STATISTICAL NATURE OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND LOADING (GENERALISED METHOD) 5 3 7 CHANGES IN STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF STEELS IN OPERATION DUE TO AGEING 5 3 8 INITIAL DATA FOR CALCULATING THE PROBABILITY OF DESTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENT AND PIPELINES OF NPP PART TWO: PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR STRENGTH RELIABILITY PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS OF SAFETY: INCREASING THE RELIABILITY AND SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS 6 1 PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ANALYSIS MODEL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INITIATING EVENT ‘A LARGE BREAK LOSS-OF-COOLANT ACCIDENT’ 6 1 1 UNDERSTANDING THE MODEL 6 1 2 THE MAIN RESULTS OF CORE DAMAGE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF FUSION 6 2 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT IN PSA MODELS THE FIRST LEVEL OF AGEING EFFECTS OF SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 6 2 1 THE SET OF THE INPUT DATA 6 2 2 EFFECT OF AGEING ON CORE DAMAGE FREQUENCY (CDF) 6 3 METHOD OF BRINGING THE PRODUCT TO THE DESIRED LEVEL OF QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND SAFETY SECURITY REACTORS OPTIMISATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 7 1 GENERAL 7 2 OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES TO OPTIMISING ISI, BASED ON INFORMATION ABOUT RISKS: SEMIQUANTITATIVE APPROACH 7 3 OPTIMISATION OF THE RISK-BASED ORIENTED IN-SERVICE INSPECTION AT THE IGNALINSK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 7 4 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO OPTIMISATION OF ISI 7 4 1 OPTIMISATION OF ISI BASED ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROBABILITY OF FAILURE AND A SYSTEMIC APPROACH 7 4 2 COST-OPTIMUM NORMS OF DEFECTS IN SERVICE (DETERMINISTIC APPROACH) 7 4 3 COST-OPTIMUM TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN INSPECTIONS (DETERMINISTIC APPROACH) 7 4 4 THE OPTIMUM TIME BETWEEN THE INSPECTIONS (PROBABILISTIC APPROACH) 7 4 5 ISI OPTIMUM FREQUENCY FOR VVER RPV 7 4 6 ISI OPTIMUM FREQUENCY OF THE PRESSURISER 7 4 7 OPTIMISATION NORMS FOR DEFECTS DURING OPERATION (PROBABILISTIC APPROACH) 7 4 8 OPTIMISATION OF THE VOLUME OF INSPECTION IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LIFE CYCLE (FACTORY INSPECTION, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING, OPERATION) SUPERINSPECTION 7 4 9 OPTIMUM COMBINATION OF INSPECTION METHODS OPTIMISATION OF HYDRAULIC TESTS, TECHNICAL CERTIFICATION AND PLANNED–PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE 8 1 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM PRESSURE OF HYDRAULIC STRESS TESTS TO ENSURE RELIABILITY AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY 8 2 OPTIMISATION OF THE FREQUENCY OF HYDRAULIC TESTS 8 3 OPTIMISATION OF THE TECHNICAL INSPECTION AND SCHEDULED PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 8 3 1 OPTIMISATION OF SCHEDULED–PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 8 3 2 OPTIMISATION OF THE FREQUENCY AND COMPOSITION OF WORKS ON TECHNICAL INSPECTION USING PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ENSURING LEAK TIGHTNESS OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT STEAM GENERATORS 9 1 ENSURING THE LEAK TIGHTNESS OF TUBES OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STEAM GENERATORS 9 2 APPLICATION OF THE MONTE CARLO METHOD TO THE PROBLEM OF ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF HETS OF VSG 9 3 APPLICATION OF A PROBABILISTIC METHOD BASED ON TWO- PARAMETER DISTRIBUTION 9 5 GUIDANCE DOCUMENT RD EO-0552-2004 ‘GUIDELINES ON THE APPLICATION OF SYSTEM METHODOLOGY TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF STEAM GENERATOR HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES OF NPP WITH VVER-440 AND VVER-1000 REACTORS’ 9 6 CONCLUSIONS