HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION HEAT PUMPS HEAT-DRIVEN HEAT PUMPS DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT ABSORPTION CHILLER PRODUCTS WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE CHILLERS AMMONIA/WATER CHILLERS AMMONIA/WATER/HYDROGEN REFRIGERATORS OVERVIEW OF ABSORPTION TECHNOLOGY MARKET TRENDS 2 ABSORPTION CYCLE FUNDAMENTALS CARNOT CYCLES ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP, TYPE I ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP, TYPE II ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP AS COMBINATION OF RANKINE CYCLES REVERSIBLE ANALYSIS WITH VARIABLE TEMPERATURES IRREVERSIBILITIES IN ABSORPTION CYCLE PROCESSES ZERO-ORDER ABSORPTION CYCLE MODEL ABSORPTION CYCLE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION HOMEWORK PROBLEMS REFERENCES 3 PROPERTIES OF WORKING FLUIDS ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR SYSTEMS OF FIXED COMPOSITION OPEN-SYSTEM PROPERTY RELATIONS EQUATIONS OF STATE THERMODYNAMIC CONSISTENCY MIXTURE VOLUME MIXTURE ENERGY PROPERTIES SPECIFIC HEAT REFERENCE STATES MIXTURE ENTROPY PHASE EQUILIBRIUM HEAT OF VAPORIZATION SUMMARY GRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ABSORPTION WORKING FLUIDS TEMPERATURE–MASS FRACTION DIAGRAM PRESSURE–TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM THE ENTHALPY–MASS FRACTION DIAGRAM TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 4 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES WITH MIXTURES MIXING OF FLUIDS AND THE HEAT OF MIXING SPECIFIC HEAT OF MIXTURES DESORPTION ABSORPTION CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION COMPRESSION PUMPING THROTTLING AMMONIA PURIFICATION REFLUX COOLING OR PARTIAL CONDENSATION RECTIFICATION 410 HEAT EXCHANGERS 4101 HEAT EXCHANGER DIAGRAMS 4102 HEAT EXCHANGER MODELS 4103 UA-TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER MODELS 4104 EFFECTIVENESS TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER MODELS 5 OVERVIEW OF WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATION SOLUTION CIRCUIT REFRIGERANT LEG CRYSTALLIZATION AND ABSORBER COOLING REQUIREMENTS CORROSION AND MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY VACUUM REQUIREMENTS COMPONENT SIZE EFFECT OF NONABSORBABLE GASES HYDROSTATIC HEAD EFFECTS IN EVAPORATOR DESIGN OCTYL ALCOHOL NORMAL MAINTENANCE AND EXPECTED LIFE CONTROLS 6 SINGLE-EFFECT WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE SYSTEMS SINGLE-EFFECT WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE CHILLER OPERATING CONDITIONS MASS FLOW ANALYSIS THERMODYNAMIC STATES WITHIN THE CYCLE ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS DISCUSSION OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS DÜHRING PLOT REPRESENTATION TEMPERATURES MASS FRACTIONS SOLUTION HEAT EXCHANGER SINGLE-EFFECT CYCLE WITH HEAT TRANSFER MODELS HEAT EXCHANGER MODELS CYCLE PERFORMANCE DESORBER INLET TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS REJECTION TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS SOLUTION FLOW RATE VARIATIONS HEAT TRANSFER LOOP FLOW RATE VARIATIONS EVAPORATOR–ABSORBER PRESSURE DROP VARIATIONS HEAT EXCHANGER SIZE VARIATIONS 6210 SUMMARY OF SINGLE-EFFECT OPERATING CONDITIONS SINGLE-EFFECT WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE HEAT TRANSFORMER (TYPE II HEAT PUMP) SOLUTION HEAT EXCHANGER SIZE EFFECTS DISCUSSION OF AVAILABLE SINGLE-EFFECT SYSTEMS 7 DOUBLE-EFFECT WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE TECHNOLOGY DOUBLE-EFFECT WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE CYCLES SOLUTION CIRCUIT PLUMBING OPTIONS OPERATING CONDITIONS OF DOUBLE-EFFECT MACHINES PARALLEL FLOW DOUBLE-EFFECT MACHINES SERIES FLOW DOUBLE-EFFECT MACHINES SYSTEMS ON THE MARKET 8 ADVANCED WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE CYCLES HALF-EFFECT CYCLE TRIPLE-EFFECT CYCLE RESORPTION CYCLE 9 SINGLE-STAGE AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEMS PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA AND SAFETY CONCERNS MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS WATER CONTENT OF THE REFRIGERANT VAPOR SIMPLE SINGLE-STAGE AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEM MEASURES TO IMPROVE SINGLE-STAGE PERFORMANCE CONDENSATE PRECOOLER RECTIFIER HEAT INTEGRATION SOLUTION RECIRCULATION SOLUTION-COOLED ABSORBER COMPARISON OF AMMONIA/WATER AND WATER/LITHIUM BROMIDE EXAMPLES OF AMMONIA/WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEMS IN OPERATION 10 TWO-STAGE AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEMS 101 DOUBLE-EFFECT AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEMS 102 DOUBLE-LIFT AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEMS 103 TWO-STAGE, TRIPLE-EFFECT AMMONIA/WATER SYSTEM 11 GENERATOR/ABSORBER HEAT EXCHANGE CYCLES 111 CONCEPTS, CONFIGURATIONS, AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 112 BRANCHED GAX CYCLE 113 GAX CYCLE HARDWARE 12 DIFFUSION–ABSORPTION CYCLE 121 INTRODUCTION 122 CYCLE PHYSICS 123 CHOICE OF THE AUXILIARY GAS 124 TOTAL PRESSURE OF THE SYSTEM 125 CYCLE PERFORMANCE 13 APPLICATIONS OF ABSORPTION CHILLERS AND HEAT PUMPS 131 INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION 132 GAS TURBINE INLET AIR COOLING 133 SOLAR ABSORPTION COOLING