ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION A BRIEF HISTORY EARLY DAYS THE RELATIVE DECLINE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AFTER 1910 USES FOR WHICH BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES HAVE REMAINED POPULAR DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN USE TODAY BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES THE IC ENGINE/ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLE FUELLED ELECTRIC VEHICLES ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING SUPPLY LINES SOLAR POWERED VEHICLES ELECTRIC VEHICLES WHICH USE ?YWHEELS OR SUPER CAPACITORS ELECTRIC VEHICLES FOR THE FUTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY BATTERIES BATTERY PARAMETERS CELL AND BATTERY VOLTAGES CHARGE (OR AMPHOUR) CAPACITY ENERGY STORED SPECI?C ENERGY ENERGY DENSITY SPECI?C POWER AMPHOUR (OR CHARGE) EF?CIENCY ENERGY EF?CIENCY SELF-DISCHARGE RATES BATTERY GEOMETRY BATTERY TEMPERATURE, HEATING AND COOLING NEEDS BATTERY LIFE AND NUMBER OF DEEP CYCLES LEAD ACID BATTERIES LEAD ACID BATTERY BASICS SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES BATTERY LIFE AND MAINTENANCE BATTERY CHARGING SUMMARY OF LEAD ACID BATTERIES NICKEL-BASED BATTERIES NICKEL CADMIUM NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES SODIUM-BASED BATTERIES SODIUM SULPHUR BATTERIES SODIUM METAL CHLORIDE (ZEBRA) BATTERIES LITHIUM BATTERIES THE LITHIUM POLYMER BATTERY THE LITHIUM ION BATTERY METAL AIR BATTERIES THE ALUMINIUM AIR BATTERY THE ZINC AIR BATTERY BATTERY CHARGING BATTERY CHARGERS CHARGE EQUALISATION THE DESIGNER’S CHOICE OF BATTERY BATTERIES WHICH ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY USE OF BATTERIES IN HYBRID VEHICLES INTERNAL COMBUSTION/BATTERY ELECTRIC HYBRIDS BATTERY/BATTERY ELECTRIC HYBRIDS COMBINATIONS USING ?YWHEELS COMPLEX HYBRIDS BATTERY MODELLING THE PURPOSE OF BATTERY MODELLING BATTERY EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELLING BATTERY CAPACITY SIMULATION A BATTERY AT A SET POWER CALCULATING THE PEUKERT COEF?CIENT IN CONCLUSION REFERENCES ALTERNATIVE AND NOVEL ENERGY SOURCES AND STORES SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS WIND POWER FLYWHEELS SUPER CAPACITORS SUPPLY RAILS FUEL CELLS FUEL CELLS, A REAL OPTION? HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: BASIC PRINCIPLES ELECTRODE REACTIONS DIFFERENT ELECTROLYTES FUEL CELL ELECTRODES FUEL CELL THERMODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION FUEL CELL EF?CIENCY AND EF?CIENCY LIMITS EF?CIENCY AND THE FUEL CELL VOLTAGE PRACTICAL FUEL CELL VOLTAGES THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND GAS CONCENTRATION CONNECTING CELLS IN SERIES – THE BIPOLAR PLATE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE PEM FUEL CELL INTRODUCTION TO THE WATER PROBLEM THE ELECTROLYTE OF A PEM FUEL CELL KEEPING THE PEM HYDRATED THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PEM FUEL CELL A COMPLETE FUEL CELL SYSTEM HYDROGEN SUPPLY FUEL REFORMING FUEL CELL REQUIREMENTS STEAM REFORMING PARTIAL OXIDATION AND AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING FURTHER FUEL PROCESSING: CARBON MONOXIDE REMOVAL PRACTICAL FUEL PROCESSING FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS HYDROGEN STORAGE I: STORAGE AS HYDROGEN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM SAFETY THE STORAGE OF HYDROGEN AS A COMPRESSED GAS STORAGE OF HYDROGEN AS A LIQUID REVERSIBLE METAL HYDRIDE HYDROGEN STORES CARBON NANO?BRES STORAGE METHODS COMPARED HYDROGEN STORAGE II: CHEMICAL METHODS METHANOL ALKALI METAL HYDRIDES SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE AMMONIA ELECTRIC MACHINES AND THEIR CONTROLLERS THE ‘BRUSHED’ DC ELECTRIC MOTOR OPERATION OF THE BASIC DC MOTOR TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS CONTROLLING THE BRUSHED DC MOTOR PROVIDING THE MAGNETIC ?ELD FOR DC MOTORS DC MOTOR EF?CIENCY MOTOR LOSSES AND MOTOR SIZE ELECTRIC MOTORS AS BRAKES DC REGULATION AND VOLTAGE CONVERSION SWITCHING DEVICES STEP-DOWN OR ‘BUCK’ REGULATORS STEP-UP OR ‘BOOST’ SWITCHING REGULATOR SINGLE-PHASE INVERTERS THREE-PHASE BRUSHLESS ELECTRIC MOTORS THE BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS THE INDUCTION MOTOR MOTOR COOLING, EF?CIENCY, SIZE AND MASS IMPROVING MOTOR EF?CIENCY MOTOR MASS ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR HYBRID VEHICLES ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELLING TRACTIVE EFFORT ROLLING RESISTANCE FORCE AERODYNAMIC DRAG HILL CLIMBING FORCE ACCELERATION FORCE TOTAL TRACTIVE EFFORT MODELLING VEHICLE ACCELERATION ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS MODELLING THE ACCELERATION OF AN ELECTRIC SCOOTER MODELLING THE ACCELERATION OF A SMALL CAR MODELLING ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE DRIVING CYCLES RANGE MODELLING OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES CONSTANT VELOCITY RANGE MODELLING OTHER USES OF SIMULATIONS RANGE MODELLING OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES RANGE MODELLING OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES SIMULATIONS: A SUMMARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AERODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS AERODYNAMICS AND ENERGY BODY/CHASSIS AERODYNAMIC SHAPE CONSIDERATION OF ROLLING RESISTANCE TRANSMISSION EF?CIENCY CONSIDERATION OF VEHICLE MASS ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHASSIS AND BODY DESIGN BODY/CHASSIS REQUIREMENTS BODY/CHASSIS LAYOUT BODY/CHASSIS STRENGTH, RIGIDITY AND CRASH RESISTANCE DESIGNING FOR STABILITY SUSPENSION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES EXAMPLES OF CHASSIS USED IN MODERN BATTERY AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES CHASSIS USED IN MODERN FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES GENERAL ISSUES IN DESIGN DESIGN SPECI?CATIONS SOFTWARE IN THE USE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DESIGN DESIGN OF ANCILLARY SYSTEMS HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS DESIGN OF THE CONTROLS POWER STEERING CHOICE OF TYRES WING MIRRORS, AERIALS AND LUGGAGE RACKS ELECTRIC VEHICLE RECHARGING AND REFUELLING SYSTEMS ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE ENVIRONMENT VEHICLE POLLUTION: THE EFFECTS VEHICLES POLLUTION: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS VEHICLE POLLUTION IN CONTEXT ALTERNATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY USED VIA THE GRID SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY HYDRO ENERGY TIDAL ENERGY BIOMASS ENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY NUCLEAR ENERGY MARINE CURRENT ENERGY WAVE ENERGY USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY WITH FUELLED VEHICLES FUEL CELLS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY USE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY WITH CONVENTIONAL IC ENGINE VEHICLES THE ROLE OF REGULATIONS AND LAW MAKERS CASE STUDIES RECHARGEABLE BATTERY VEHICLES ELECTRIC BICYCLES ELECTRIC MOBILITY AIDS LOW SPEED VEHICLES BATTERY POWERED CARS AND VANS HYBRID VEHICLES THE HONDA INSIGHT THE TOYOTA PRIUS FUEL CELL POWERED BUS CONCLUSION