HEAT TRANSFER: A BASIC APPROACH
INTRODUCTION THERMODYNAMICS FLUID MECHANICS HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERED SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS CASE I: A COMMERCIAL AIRLINER CASE II: A CHEMICAL PLANT DISTILLATION COLUMN CASE III: THE THERMAL INK JET PRINTER HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT THE OZONE LAYER ACID RAIN SUMMARY SYSTEMS FLUIDS SUBSTANCES STATE AND PROPERTIES THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM DIMENSIONS AND UNITS THE SI (SYST`EME INTERNATIONALE D’UNIT´ES) SYSTEM THE BRITISH GRAVITATIONAL SYSTEM PRESSURE GAGE, ABSOLUTE, AND VACUUM PRESSURE MEASURING PRESSURE TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS PROBLEM-SOLVING METHODOLOGY PROBLEMS KINETIC, POTENTIAL, AND INTERNAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY THE TOTAL ENERGY WORK HEAT THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS OTHER FORMS OF WORK SPRING WORK TWO ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES THE IDEAL GAS MODEL THE CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS THE ISOTHERMAL PROCESS SINGLE-PHASE REGIONS THREE-PHASE REGIONS THE P-V SURFACE SOME HINTS FOR PHASE DETERMINATION THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY DATA TABLE ARRANGEMENT THE SUPERHEATED VAPOR TABLES REAL GAS BEHAVIOR THE COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR THE PRINCIPLE OF CORRESPONDING STATES THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION THE REDLICH-KWONG EQUATION OF STATE P-V-T RELATIONSHIPS INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY 5 CONTROL VOLUME MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS CONSERVATION OF MASS THE MASS BALANCE THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY FOR A CONTROL VOLUME THE ENERGY RATE BALANCE FLOW WORK SPECI?C HEATS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCES APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL VOLUME ENERGY ANALYSIS THE NOZZLE AND THE DIFFUSER THE TURBINE PUMPS HEAT EXCHANGERS THE THROTTLING VALVE SYNTHESIS OR ANALYSIS? THE FIRST LAW HEAT BALANCE 6 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT AND HEAT ENGINES THE CLAUSIUS STATEMENT: REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE KELVIN-PLANCK AND CLAUSIUS STATEMENTS THE CARNOT CYCLE THE CARNOT CYCLE WITH EXTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALES THE TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAM THE GIBBS PROPERTY RELATIONS ENTROPY CHANGE FOR SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND IDEAL GASES ENTROPY CHANGE FOR SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS ENTROPY CHANGE FOR AN IDEAL GAS THE ISENTROPIC PROCESS FOR AN IDEAL GAS ISENTROPIC EF?CIENCIES OF STEADY FLOW DEVICES THE ENTROPY BALANCE EQUATION THE ENTROPY RATE BALANCE FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM (CONTROL VOLUME) THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE THE AIR STANDARD OTTO CYCLE PERFORMANCE THE COMPRESSION RATIO AND ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE THE AIR STANDARD DIESEL CYCLE THE GAS TURBINE THE IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION THE JET ENGINE 9 VAPOR POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES THE STEAM POWER PLANT THE IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE THE IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE WITH SUPERHEAT THE EFFECT OF IRREVERSIBILITIES THE RANKINE CYCLE WITH SUPERHEAT AND REHEAT THE IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE WITH REGENERATION THE IDEAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE MIXTURES OF IDEAL GASES DEVELOPMENT GRAVIMETRIC AND VOLUMETRIC ANALYSES THE APPARENT MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND GAS CONSTANT PSYCHROMETRICS OTHER PROPERTIES THE WET BULB TEMPERATURE THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART THE COMBUSTION PROCESS THE AIR-FUEL RATIO 11 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS THE DE?NITION OF A FLUID FLUID STRESS CONVENTIONS AND CONCEPTS VISCOSITY, A FLUID PROPERTY DESIGN EXAMPLE 4 OTHER FLUID PROPERTIES COMPRESSIBILITY THE SPEED OF SOUND 1111 PROBLEMS 12 FLUID STATICS PRESSURE VARIATION IN A STATIC FIELD HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES DESIGN EXAMPLE 5 HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED SURFACES BUOYANCY STABILITY UNIFORM RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION 1211 PROBLEMS 13 CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS—MASS AND ENERGY CONSERVATION FUNDAMENTAL LAWS MASS CONSERVATION APPLICATIONS THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME APPLICATIONS OF THE CONTROL VOLUME EXPRESSION FOR THE FIRST LAW THE BERNOULLI EQUATION DESIGN EXAMPLE 6 1310 PROBLEMS 14 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION APPLICATIONS OF THE CONTROL VOLUME EXPRESSION DESIGN EXAMPLE 7 THE CONTROL VOLUME RELATION FOR THE MOMENT OF MOMENTUM APPLICATIONS OF THE MOMENT OF MOMENTUM RELATIONSHIP 15 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILARITY THE BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM 16 VISCOUS FLOW REYNOLDS’ EXPERIMENT DESIGN EXAMPLE 8 BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE 17 FLOW IN PIPES AND PIPE NETWORKS FRICTIONAL LOSS IN PIPES DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW TURBULENT FLOW FRICTION FACTOR AND HEAD LOSS DETERMINATION FOR PIPE FLOW PIPE FRICTION FACTOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO FITTINGS AND VALVES NONCIRCULAR FLOW PASSAGES DESIGN EXAMPLE 9 DESIGN EXAMPLE 10 DESIGN EXAMPLE 11 1712 PROBLEMS THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS COMBINING PUMP AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AXIAL AND MIXED FLOW PUMPS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY CONVECTION THERMAL RESISTANCE COMBINED MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEF?CIENT 20 STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION THE GENERAL EQUATION OF HEAT CONDUCTION CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS THE SINGLE-MATERIAL LAYER THE COMPOSITE PLANE WALL CONTACT RESISTANCE RADIAL HEAT FLOW CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES THE HOLLOW CYLINDER THE CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION THE HOLLOW SPHERE THE PLANE WALL EXTENDED SURFACES THE LONGITUDINAL FIN OF UNIFORM THICKNESS CONSTANT BASE TEMPERATURE WITH INSULATED TIP FIN PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION SOLUTION METHODS 21 UNSTEADY-STATE CONDUCTION CONVECTIVE COOLING THE VALIDITY CRITERION THE SEMI-IN?NITE SOLID CONSTANT SURFACE TEMPERATURE CONSTANT SURFACE HEAT FLUX SURFACE CONVECTION DESIGN EXAMPLE 12 FINITE-SIZED SOLIDS THE LONG PLANE WALL ONE-TERM APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS THE LONG SOLID CYLINDER THE SOLID SPHERE 22 FORCED CONVECTION—INTERNAL FLOW TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS WITH INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION THE CONSTANT WALL TEMPERATURE CASE CASE 1—LAMINAR FLOW CASE 2—TRANSITION FLOW DESIGN EXAMPLE 13 DESIGN EXAMPLE 14 23 FORCED CONVECTION—EXTERNAL FLOW FLOW PARALLEL TO A PLANE WALL LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS CONSTANT HEAT FLUX WALL CONDITION THE CYLINDER IN CROSS FLOW TUBE BUNDLES IN CROSS FLOW SINGLE SPHERES BODIES WITH NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTIONS DESIGN EXAMPLE 15 24 FREE OR NATURAL CONVECTION GOVERNING PARAMETERS WORKING CORRELATIONS FOR NATURAL CONVECTION PLANE SURFACES INCLINED PLATES VERTICAL CYLINDERS SPHERES HORIZONTAL PLATES NATURAL CONVECTION IN PARALLEL PLATE CHANNELS OPTIMUM PLATE SPACING DESIGN EXAMPLE 16 WORKING CORRELATIONS VERTICAL RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURES TILTED VERTICAL ENCLOSURES THE RATE EQUATION THE LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE FOULING FOULING FACTORS THE LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE CORRECTION FACTOR METHOD THE EFFECTIVENESS NTU METHOD DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS DESIGN EXAMPLE 17 FINNED HEAT EXCHANGERS THE SURFACE AREA AND THE OVERALL SURFACE EFFICIENCY 26 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER MONOCHROMATIC EMISSIVE POWER THE BLACK SURFACE OR BLACKBODY ABSORPTIVITY, RE?ECTIVITY,AND TRANSMISSIVITY KIRCHHOFF’S RADIATION LAW EMISSIVITY AN APPROXIMATION TO A BLACKBODY RADIATION INTENSITY AND LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW ABSORPTIVITY THE GRAY SURFACE OR GRAY BODY HEAT FLOW BETWEEN BLACKBODIES A CATALOG OF SIMPLE SHAPE FACTORS IN TWO DIMENSIONS A CATALOG OF SIMPLE SHAPE FACTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONS PROPERTIES OF THE SHAPE FACTOR THE RECIPROCITY PROPERTY THE ADDITIVITY PROPERTY THE ENCLOSURE PROPERTY HEAT FLOW BY RADIATION BETWEEN TWO BODIES DIFFUSE BLACKBODIES OPAQUE GRAY BODIES RADIOSITY AND IRRADIATION RADIATION WITHIN ENCLOSURES BY A NETWORK METHOD 2611 PROBLEMS