POWER: THE HEWITT LECTURES
CONTENTS DE?NITIONS, OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION CLASSI?CATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS TRANSIENT SIMULATORS DIGITAL SIMULATION STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS METHOD OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS REFERENCES ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE SYSTEMS CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS STATE VARIABLE FORMULATIONS SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION CONTROLLER CANONICAL FORM OBSERVER CANONICAL FORM DIAGONAL CANONICAL FORM UNIQUENESS OF FORMULATION EXAMPLE TIME DOMAIN SOLUTION OF STATE EQUATIONS DIGITAL SIMULATION OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS DISCRETE SYSTEMS RELATIONSHIP OF CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE DOMAINS SUMMARY CHOICE OF STATE VARIABLES FORMATION OF THE STATE EQUATIONS THE TRANSFORM METHOD THE GRAPH METHOD SOLUTION PROCEDURE TRANSIENT CONVERTER SIMULATION (TCS) PER UNIT SYSTEM NETWORK EQUATIONS STRUCTURE OF TCS VALVE SWITCHINGS EFFECT OF AUTOMATIC TIME STEP ADJUSTMENTS TCS CONVERTER CONTROL NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR SUBSTITUTION DISCRETISATION OF R, L, C ELEMENTS RESISTANCE INDUCTANCE CAPACITANCE COMPONENTS REDUCTION DUAL NORTON MODEL OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE NETWORK SOLUTION NETWORK SOLUTION WITH SWITCHES EXAMPLE: VOLTAGE STEP APPLIED TO RL LOAD NON-LINEAR OR TIME VARYING PARAMETERS CURRENT SOURCE REPRESENTATION COMPENSATION METHOD PIECEWISE LINEAR METHOD SUBSYSTEMS SPARSITY AND OPTIMAL ORDERING NUMERICAL ERRORS AND INSTABILITIES THE ROOT-MATCHING METHOD EXPONENTIAL FORM OF THE DIFFERENCE EQUATION Z-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS IMPLEMENTATION IN EMTP ALGORITHM FAMILY OF EXPONENTIAL FORMS OF THE DIFFERENCE EQUATION STEP RESPONSE STEADY-STATE RESPONSE FREQUENCY RESPONSE TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES BERGERON’S MODEL MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT TRANSMISSION LINES FREQUENCY TO TIME DOMAIN TRANSFORMATION PHASE DOMAIN MODEL OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS BUNDLED SUBCONDUCTORS EARTH WIRES UNDERGROUND CABLE PARAMETERS TRANSFORMERS AND ROTATING PLANT BASIC TRANSFORMER MODEL NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION PARAMETERS DERIVATION MODELLING OF NON-LINEARITIES ADVANCED TRANSFORMER MODELS SINGLE-PHASE UMEC MODEL UMEC NORTON EQUIVALENT UMEC IMPLEMENTATION IN PSCAD/EMTDC THREE-LIMB THREE-PHASE UMEC FAST TRANSIENT MODELS THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ELECTROMAGNETIC MODEL ELECTROMECHANICAL MODEL MULTIMASS REPRESENTATION INTERFACING MACHINE TO NETWORK TYPES OF ROTATING MACHINE AVAILABLE CONTROL AND PROTECTION TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS (TACS) CONTROL MODELLING IN PSCAD/EMTDC MODELLING OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS TRANSDUCERS ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS ELECTRONIC RELAYS MICROPROCESSOR-BASED RELAYS CIRCUIT BREAKERS SURGE ARRESTERS POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS VALVE REPRESENTATION IN EMTDC PLACEMENT AND LOCATION OF SWITCHING INSTANTS SPIKES AND NUMERICAL OSCILLATIONS (CHATTER) INTERPOLATION AND CHATTER REMOVAL HVDC CONVERTERS EXAMPLE OF HVDC SIMULATION FACTS DEVICES THE STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR THE STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) STATE VARIABLE MODELS EMTDC/TCS INTERFACE IMPLEMENTATION CONTROL SYSTEM REPRESENTATION 10 FREQUENCY DEPENDENT NETWORK EQUIVALENTS POSITION OF FDNE EXTENT OF SYSTEM TO BE REDUCED FREQUENCY RANGE SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE FREQUENCY DOMAIN IDENTI?CATION TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN IDENTI?CATION FITTING OF MODEL PARAMETERS RLC NETWORKS RATIONAL FUNCTION ERROR AND ?GURE OF MERIT MODEL IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES 11 STEADY STATE APPLICATIONS INITIALISATION HARMONIC ASSESSMENT PHASE-DEPENDENT IMPEDANCE OF NON-LINEAR DEVICE THE TIME DOMAIN IN AN ANCILLARY CAPACITY ITERATIVE SOLUTION FOR TIME INVARIANT NON-LINEAR COMPONENTS ITERATIVE SOLUTION FOR GENERAL NON-LINEAR COMPONENTS ACCELERATION TECHNIQUES THE TIME DOMAIN IN THE PRIMARY ROLE BASIC TIME DOMAIN ALGORITHM TIME STEP DC SYSTEM REPRESENTATION AC SYSTEM REPRESENTATION VOLTAGE SAGS VOLTAGE ?UCTUATIONS MODELLING OF ?ICKER PENETRATION VOLTAGE NOTCHING DISCUSSION 12 MIXED TIME-FRAME SIMULATION DESCRIPTION OF THE HYBRID ALGORITHM INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM MODI?CATIONS DATA ?OW TS/EMTDC INTERFACE EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCES EQUIVALENT SOURCES PHASE AND SEQUENCE DATA CONVERSIONS INTERFACE VARIABLES DERIVATION EMTDC TO TS DATA TRANSFER DATA EXTRACTION FROM CONVERTER WAVEFORMS INTERACTION PROTOCOL INTERFACE LOCATION TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS CONTENTS 13 TRANSIENT SIMULATION IN REAL TIME SIMULATION WITH DEDICATED ARCHITECTURES HARDWARE RTDS APPLICATIONS REAL-TIME IMPLEMENTATION ON STANDARD COMPUTERS EXAMPLE OF REAL-TIME TEST