ELEMENTS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ENERGY, POPULATION, AND POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA THE DISCIPLINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING FATE AND TRANSPORT MODELING DESIGN OF SEPARATION PROCESSES UNITS AND DIMENSIONS STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK REFERENCES BASIC CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS EQUILIBRIUM FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENTHALPY AND HEAT CAPACITY THERMODYNAMIC STANDARD STATES: ENTHALPIES OF REACTION, FORMATION, AND COMBUSTION COMBINATION OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND GIBBS FREE ENERGY FREE ENERGY VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM WORK GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL GIBBS–DUHEM RELATIONSHIP FOR A SINGLE PHASE STANDARD STATES FOR CHEMICAL POTENTIAL THERMODYNAMICS OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS SURFACE TENSION CURVED INTERFACES AND THE YOUNG–LAPLACE EQUATION SURFACE THICKNESS AND GIBBS DIVIDING SURFACE SURFACE THERMODYNAMICS AND GIBBS EQUATION GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION PROBLEMS MULTICOMPONENT EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS IDEAL AND NONIDEAL FLUIDS CONCENTRATION UNITS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DILUTE SOLUTION DEFINITION FUGACITY FUGACITY OF GASES FUGACITY OF CONDENSED PHASES (LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS) ACTIVITIES OF SOLUTES AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IONIC STRENGTH AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS FUGACITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS IDEAL SOLUTIONS AND DILUTE SOLUTIONS VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM: HENRY’S AND RAOULT’S LAWS HENRY’S LAW RAOULT’S LAW VAPOR PRESSURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CLAUSIUS–CLAPEYRON EQUATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER CURVED SURFACES LIQUID–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM OCTANOL–WATER PARTITION CONSTANT LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT FOR NONIDEAL SYSTEMS EXCESS FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT AND SOLUBILITY CORRELATIONS WITH HYDROPHOBICITY SPECIAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF WATER HYDROPHOBIC HYDRATION OF NONPOLAR SOLUTES HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOLUTES HYDROPHILIC INTERACTIONS FOR SOLUTES IN WATER MOLECULAR THEORIES OF SOLUBILITY: AN OVERVIEW STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN WATER THEORETICAL AND SEMI-EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY PREDICTION FIRST-GENERATION GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHODS EXCESS GIBBS FREE ENERGY MODELS SECOND-GENERATION GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHODS: THE UNIFAC METHOD SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER ADSORPTION ON SURFACES AND INTERFACES GIBBS EQUATION FOR NONIONIC AND IONIC SYSTEMS EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS AT INTERFACES ADSORPTION AT CHARGED SURFACES APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS AIR–WATER PHASE EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATION OF HENRY’S CONSTANT FROM GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON KAW AIR–WATER EQUILIBRIUM IN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY WET DEPOSITION OF VAPOR SPECIES WET DEPOSITION OF AEROSOL-BOUND FRACTION DRY DEPOSITION OF AEROSOL-BOUND POLLUTANTS DRY DEPOSITION FLUX OF GASES FROM THE ATMOSPHERE THERMODYNAMICS OF AQUEOUS DROPLETS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AIR/WATER EQUILIBRIUM IN WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS SOIL–WATER AND SEDIMENT–WATER EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING INTO SOILS AND SEDIMENTS FROM WATER ADSORPTION OF METAL IONS ON SOILS AND SEDIMENTS ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES ON SOILS AND SEDIMENTS BIOTA/WATER PARTITION CONSTANT (BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR) AIR-TO-AEROSOL PARTITION CONSTANT AIR-TO-VEGETATION PARTITION CONSTANT ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT CONCEPTS FROM CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS PROGRESS TOWARD EQUILIBRIUM IN A CHEMICAL REACTION REACTION RATE, ORDER, AND RATE CONSTANT KINETIC RATE LAWS ISOLATION METHOD INITIAL RATE METHOD INTEGRATED RATE LAWS REVERSIBLE REACTIONS SERIES REACTIONS AND STEADY-STATE APPROXIMATION PARALLEL REACTIONS ACTIVATION ENERGY ACTIVATED COMPLEX THEORY EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON REACTION RATES REACTION MECHANISMS CHAIN REACTIONS REACTIONS IN SOLUTIONS EFFECTS OF IONIC STRENGTH ON RATE CONSTANTS ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS MECHANISMS AND RATE EXPRESSIONS FOR CATALYZED REACTIONS HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS GENERAL MECHANISMS OF SURFACE CATALYSIS AUTOCATALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL REACTIONS REDOX REACTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RATES OF REDOX REACTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 5 10 ENZYME CATALYSIS 5 10 1 MICHAELIS–MENTEN KINETICS AND MONOD KINETICS APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS TYPES OF REACTORS IDEAL REACTORS BATCH REACTOR CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED TANK REACTOR PLUG-FLOW REACTOR (PFR) OR TUBULAR REACTOR DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR CSTR AND PFR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEADY STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM FOR A CSTR NONIDEAL REACTORS DISPERSION MODEL TANKS-IN-SERIES MODEL DISPERSION AND REACTION REACTION IN A HETEROGENEOUS MEDIUM KINETICS AND TRANSPORT AT FLUID–FLUID INTERFACES DIFFUSION AND REACTION IN A POROUS MEDIUM THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FATE AND TRANSPORT CHEMICALS IN LAKES AND OCEANS CHEMICALS IN SURFACE WATERS BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN NATURAL STREAMS WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AIR STRIPPING IN AERATION BASINS OXIDATION REACTOR PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NATURAL WATERS THE AIR ENVIRONMENT F&T MODELS BOX MODELS DISPERSION MODELS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADSORPTION THERMAL DESTRUCTION ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS DROPLETS GLOBAL WARMING AND GREENHOUSE EFFECT OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND TROPOSPHERE SOIL AND SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENTS F&T MODELING TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER SEDIMENT–WATER EXCHANGE OF CHEMICALS SOIL–AIR EXCHANGE OF CHEMICALS SOIL AND GROUNDWATER TREATMENT P&T FOR NAPL REMOVAL FROM GROUNDWATER IN SITU SOIL VAPOR STRIPPING IN THE VADOSE ZONE INCINERATION FOR EX SITU TREATMENT OF SOILS AND SOLID WASTE APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOENGINEERING ENZYME REACTORS PLUG-FLOW ENZYME REACTOR CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK ENZYME REACTOR IMMOBILIZED ENZYME OR CELL REACTOR IN SITU SUBSOIL BIOREMEDIATION KINETICS OF BIOACCUMULATION OF CHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN APPLICATIONS IN GREEN ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT