ROPE-DRIVING: A TREATISE ON THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY MEANS OF FIBROUS ROPES
CONTENTS 1 FACTS-DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS 1 1 OVERVIEW 1 2 POWER ELECTRONICS 1 2 1 SEMICONDUCTORS 1 2 2 POWER CONVERTERS 1 3 CONFIGURATIONS OF FACTS-DEVICES 1 3 1 SHUNT DEVICES 1 3 1 1 SVC 1 3 1 2 STATCOM 1 3 2 SERIES DEVICES 1 3 2 1 SERIES COMPENSATION 1 3 2 2 TCSC 1 3 2 3 SSSC 1 3 2 4 SCCL 1 3 3 SHUNT AND SERIES DEVICES 1 3 3 1 DYNAMIC POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 1 3 3 2 UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 1 3 3 3 INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 1 3 3 4 GENERALIZED UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 1 3 4 BACK-TO-BACK DEVICES REFERENCES 2 MODELING OF MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SINGLE CONVERTER FACTS IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 2 1 POWER FLOW CALCULATIONS 2 1 1 POWER FLOW METHODS 2 1 2 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES 2 1 3 NEWTON-RAPHSON POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES 2 2 MODELING OF MULTI-FUNCTIONAL STATCOM 2 2 1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF STATCOM FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 2 2 1 1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF THE STATCOM 2 2 1 2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE STATCOM 2 2 1 3 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATCOM 2 2 1 4 VOLTAGE AND THERMAL CONSTRAINTS OF THE STATCOM 2 2 1 5 EXTERNAL VOLTAGE CONSTRAINTS 2 2 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF STATCOM IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 2 2 1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF STATCOM IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 2 2 2 MODELING OF CONSTRAINT ENFORCEMENT IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 2 3 MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 2 2 3 1 PROBLEM OF MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 2 2 3 2 CONCEPTS OF DOMINANT CONSTRAINT AND DEPENDENT CONSTRAINT 2 2 3 3 STRATEGY FOR MULTI-VIOLATED CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 2 2 4 MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS OF STATCOM WITH CURRENT MAGNITUDE CONTROL 2 2 5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 2 2 5 1 MULTI-CONTROL CAPABILITIES OF STATCOM 2 2 5 2 MULTI-VIOLATED STATCOM CONSTRAINTS ENFORCEMENT 2 3 MODELING OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL SSSC 2 3 1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF SSSC FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 2 3 1 1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF THE SSSC 2 3 1 2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF SSSC 2 3 1 3 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS OF SSSC 2 3 1 4 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS OF THE SSSC 2 3 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF SSSC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 3 2 1 MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF SSSC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 3 2 2 ENFORCEMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS FOR SSSC 2 3 2 3 INITIALIZATION OF SSSC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 2 3 3 NUMERICAL RESULTS 2 3 3 1 POWER FLOW, VOLTAGE AND REACTANCE CONTROL BY THE SSSC 2 3 3 2 ENFORCEMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINT OF THE SSSC 2 4 MODELING OF SVC AND TCSC IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 2 4 1 REPRESENTATION OF SVC BY STATCOM IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 2 4 2 REPRESENTATION OF TCSC BY SSSC IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 3 MODELING OF MULTI-CONVERTER FACTS IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 3 1 MODELING OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL UPFC 3 1 1 ADVANCED UPFC MODELS FOR POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 3 1 1 1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF UPFC 3 1 1 2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF UPFC 3 1 1 3 ACTIVE POWER BALANCE CONSTRAINT OF UPFC 3 1 1 4 NOVEL CONTROL MODES OF UPFC 3 1 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED UPFC MODEL IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 1 2 1 MODELING OF UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 1 2 2 MODELING OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS OF THE UPFC 3 1 2 3 INITIALIZATION OF UPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 1 3 NUMERICAL RESULTS 3 2 MODELING OF MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONAL IPFC AND GUPFC 3 2 1 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF IPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW UNDER PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS 3 2 1 1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE IPFC 3 2 1 2 MODELING OF IPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 2 1 3 INITIALIZATION OF IPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 2 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GUPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW UNDER PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS 3 2 2 1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF GUPFC 3 2 2 2 MODELING OF THE GUPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 2 2 3 INITIALIZATION OF GUPFC VARIABLES IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 2 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 3 2 3 1 INITIALIZATION OF THE POWER FLOW WITH FACTS-DEVICES 3 2 3 2 ENFORCEMENT OF PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS OF FACTS 3 2 3 3 ENFORCEMENT OF PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS OF SERIES CONVERTERS 3 2 3 4 ENFORCEMENT OF PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS OF THE SHUNT CONVERTER 3 2 3 5 ENFORCEMENT OF SERIES AND SHUNT CONVERTER CONSTRAINTS 3 3 MULTI-TERMINAL VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED HVDC 3 3 1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF M-VSC-HVDC WITH CONVERTERS CO-LOCATED IN THE SAME SUBSTATION 3 3 1 1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 3 ACTIVE POWER BALANCE OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 4 VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW CONTROL OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONSTRAINTS OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 6 MODELING OF M-VSC-HVDC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 3 1 7 HANDLING OF INTERNAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LIMITS OF M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 1 8 COMPARISON OF M-VSC-HVDC AND GUPFC 3 3 2 GENERALIZED M-VSC-HVDC MODEL WITH INCORPORATION OF DC NETWORK EQUATION 3 3 2 1 GENERALIZED M-VSC-HVDC 3 3 2 2 DC NETWORK EQUATION 3 3 2 3 INCORPORATION OF DC NETWORK EQUATION INTO NEWTON POWER FLOW 3 3 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 3 3 3 1 COMPARISON OF THE M-VSC-HVDC TO THE GUPFC 3 3 3 2 POWER FLOW AND VOLTAGE CONTROL BY M-VSC-HVDC 3 4 HANDLING OF SMALL IMPEDANCES OF FACTS IN POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 3 4 1 NUMERICAL INSTABILITY OF VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER FACTS MODELS 3 4 2 IMPEDANCE COMPENSATION MODEL 4 MODELING OF FACTS-DEVICES IN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 4 1 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 4 1 1 BRIEF HISTORY OF OPTIMAL POWER FLOW 4 1 2 COMPARISON OF OPTIMAL POWER FLOW TECHNIQUES 4 1 2 1 GRADIENT METHODS 4 1 2 2 LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS 4 1 2 3 QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING METHODS 4 1 2 4 NEWTON’S METHODS 4 1 2 5 INTERIOR POINT METHODS 4 1 3 OVERVIEW OF OPF-FORMULATION 4 2 NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPTIMAL POWER FLOW METHODS 4 2 1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS 4 2 2 TRANSMISSION LINE LIMITS 4 2 3 FORMULATION OF THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 2 4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 2 4 1 ELIMINATING DUAL VARIABLES ?L, ?U OF THE INEQUALITIES 4 2 4 2 ELIMINATING GENERATOR VARIABLES PG AND QG 4 2 5 SOLUTION PROCEDURE FOR THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 3 MODELING OF FACTS IN OPF ANALYSIS 4 3 1 IPFC AND GUPFC IN OPTIMAL VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW CONTROL 4 3 2 OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS OF GUPFC 4 3 2 1 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF GUPFC 4 3 2 2 OPERATING CONTROL EQUALITIES OF GUPFC 4 3 2 3 OPERATING INEQUALITIES OF GUPFC 4 3 3 INCORPORATION OF GUPFC INTO NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 3 3 1 CONSTRAINTS OF GUPFC 4 3 3 2 VARIABLES OF GUPFC 4 3 3 3 AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN FUNCTION OF GUPFC IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR OPF 4 3 3 4 NEWTON EQUATION OF NONLINEAR INTERIOR OPF WITH GUPFC 4 3 3 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI-CONFIGURATIONS AND MULTI-CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF GUPFC 4 3 3 6 INITIALIZATION OF GUPFC VARIABLES IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR OPF 4 3 4 MODELING OF IPFC IN NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 4 MODELING OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC IN OPF 4 4 1 MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC IN OPTIMAL VOLTAGE AND POWER FLOW 4 4 2 OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS OF THE M-VSC-HVDC 4 4 3 MODELING OF M-VSC-HVDC IN THE NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 5 COMPARISON OF FACTS-DEVICES WITH VSC-HVDC 4 5 1 COMPARISON OF UPFC WITH BTB-VSC-HVDC 4 5 2 COMPARISON OF GUPFC WITH M-VSC-HVDC 4 6 APPENDIX: DERIVATIVES OF NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF WITH GUPFC 4 6 1 FIRST DERIVATIVES OF NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 4 6 2 SECOND DERIVATIVES OF NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT OPF 5 MODELING OF FACTS IN THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW AND THREE-PHASE OPF ANALYSIS 5 1 THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW METHODS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 5 1 1 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES 5 1 2 REPRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 5 1 3 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 5 1 3 1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS AT NETWORK BUSES 5 1 3 2 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 5 1 4 FORMULATION OF NEWTON EQUATIONS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 5 2 THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW METHODS IN POLAR COORDINATES 5 2 1 REPRESENTATION OF GENERATORS 5 2 2 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES 5 2 2 1 POWER MISMATCH EQUATIONS AT NETWORK BUSES 5 2 2 2 POWER AND VOLTAGE MISMATCH EQUATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 5 2 3 FORMULATION OF NEWTON EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDINATES 5 3 SSSC MODELING IN THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 5 3 1 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH DELTA/WYE CONNECTED TRANSFORMER 5 3 1 1 BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLES 5 3 1 2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THREE-PHASE SSSC 5 3 1 3 POWER EQUATIONS OF THE THREE-PHASE SSSC 5 3 1 4 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH INDEPENDENT PHASE POWER CONTROL 5 3 1 5 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH TOTAL THREE-PHASE POWER CONTROL 5 3 1 6 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH SYMMETRICAL INJECTED VOLTAGE CONTROL 5 3 2 SINGLE-PHASE/THREE-PHASE SSSC MODELS WITH SEPARATE SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS 5 3 2 1 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SINGLE PHASE SSSC 5 3 2 2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE SSSC 5 3 2 3 SINGLE-PHASE SSSC 5 3 2 4 THREE-PHASE SSSC MODEL WITH THREE SEPARATE SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS 5 3 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 5 3 3 1 TEST RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM 5 3 3 2 TEST RESULTS FOR THE IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 5 4 UPFC MODELING IN THREE-PHASE NEWTON POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES 5 4 1 OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF THE THREE-PHASE UPFC 5 4 2 THREE-PHASE CONVERTER TRANSFORMER MODELS 5 4 3 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE THREE-PHASE UPFC 5 4 3 1 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE SHUNT CONVERTER 5 4 3 2 POWER FLOW CONSTRAINTS OF THE SERIES CONVERTER 5 4 3 3 ACTIVE POWER BALANCE OF THE UPFC 5 4 4 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 5 4 4 1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 5 4 4 2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 5 4 4 3 TRANSFORMER MODELS 5 4 4 4 MODELING OF THREE-PHASE UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 5 4 5 GENERAL THREE-PHASE CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 5 4 5 1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 5 4 5 2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 5 4 5 3 OPERATING CONSTRAINTS OF THE SHUNT TRANSFORMER 5 4 5 4 TRANSFORMER MODELS 5 4 5 5 MODELING OF THREE-PHASE UPFC IN NEWTON POWER FLOW 5 4 6 HYBRID CONTROL MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE UPFC 5 4 6 1 PQ FLOW CONTROL BY THE SERIES CONVERTER 5 4 6 2 VOLTAGE CONTROL BY THE SHUNT CONVERTER 5 4 6 3 TRANSFORMER MODELS 5 4 6 4 MODELING OF THREE-PHASE UPFC IN THE NEWTON POWER FLOW 5 4 7 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 5 4 7 1 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM 5 4 7 2 RESULTS FOR THE MODIFIED IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 5 5 THREE-PHASE NEWTON OPF IN POLAR COORDINATES 5 6 APPENDIX A - DEFINITION OF YGI 5 7 APPENDIX B - 5-BUS TEST SYSTEM 6 STEADY STATE POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL WITH FACTS 6 1 CONTINUATION POWER FLOW METHODS FOR STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS 6 1 1 FORMULATION OF CONTINUATION POWER FLOW 6 1 2 MODELING OF OPERATING LIMITS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 6 1 3 SOLUTION PROCEDURE OF CONTINUATION POWER FLOW 6 1 4 MODELING OF FACTS-CONTROL IN CONTINUATION POWER FLOW 6 1 5 NUMERICAL RESULTS 6 1 5 1 SYSTEM LOADABILITY WITH FACTS-DEVICES 6 1 5 2 EFFECT OF LOAD MODELS 6 1 5 3 SYSTEM TRANSFER CAPABILITY WITH FACTS-DEVICES 6 2 OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS 6 2 1 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY LIMIT DETERMINATION 6 2 2 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY LIMIT DETERMINATION 6 2 3 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR OPERATING SECURITY LIMIT DETERMINATION 6 2 4 OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR POWER FLOW UNSOLVABILITY 6 2 5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 6 2 5 1 IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 6 2 5 2 IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 6 3 SECURITY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FOR TRANSFER CAPABILITY CALCULATIONS 6 3 1 UNIFIED TRANSFER CAPABILITY COMPUTATION METHOD WITH SECURITY CONSTRAINTS 6 3 2 SOLUTION OF UNIFIED SECURITY CONSTRAINED TRANSFER CAPABILITY PROBLEM BY NONLINEAR INTERIOR POINT METHOD 6 3 3 SOLUTION PROCEDURE OF THE SECURITY CONSTRAINED TRANSFER CAPABILITY PROBLEM 6 3 4 NUMERICAL RESULTS 6 3 4 1 IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM RESULTS 6 3 4 2 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 7 STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY OF UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEMS 7 1 STEADY STATE UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY 7 2 CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW APPROACH 7 2 1 MODELING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES WITH OPERATING LIMITS 7 2 2 THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES 7 2 3 FORMULATION OF CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 7 2 4 SOLUTION OF THE CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 7 2 5 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES OF CONTINUATION THREE-PHASE POWER FLOW 7 2 5 1 THE STRUCTURE OF JACOBIAN MATRIX 7 2 5 2 IMPROVEMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL SPEED 7 2 5 3 COMPARISON OF BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS AND SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS 7 2 6 NUMERICAL RESULTS 7 2 6 1 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM WITHOUT LINE OUTAGES 7 2 6 2 RESULTS FOR THE 5-BUS SYSTEM WITH LINE OUTAGES 7 2 6 3 RESULTS FOR THE MODIFIED IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM 7 2 6 4 REACTIVE POWER LIMITS 7 3 STEADY STATE UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE STABILITY WITH FACTS 7 3 1 STATCOM 7 3 2 SSSC 7 3 3 UPFC 8 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND LOSS OPTIMIZATION WITH FACTS 8 1 FAST POWER FLOW CONTROL IN ENERGY MARKETS 8 1 1 OPERATION STRATEGY 8 1 2 CONTROL SCHEME 8 2 PLACEMENT OF POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS 8 3 ECONOMIC EVALUATION METHOD 8 3 1 MODELLING OF PFC FOR CROSS-BORDER CONGESTION MANAGEMENT 8 3 1 1 BASIC NETWORK MODEL 8 3 1 2 INCLUSION OF 'SLOW' PFC 8 3 1 3 INCLUSION OF 'FAST' PFC 8 3 2 DETERMINATION OF CROSS-BORDER TRANSMISSION CAPACITY 8 3 3 ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS THROUGH PFC 8 4 QUANTIFIED BENEFITS OF POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS 8 4 1 TRANSMISSION CAPACITY INCREASE 8 4 2 LOSS REDUCTION 8 5 APPENDIX 9 NON-INTRUSIVE SYSTEM CONTROL OF FACTS 9 1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 9 1 1 MODULARIZED NETWORK CONTROLLERS 9 1 2 CONTROLLER SPECIFICATION 9 2 ARCHITECTURE 9 2 1 NISC-APPROACH FOR REGULAR OPERATION 9 2 2 NISC-APPROACH FOR CONTINGENCY OPERATION 10 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR EMERGENCY AND STABILITY CONTROL OF FACTS 10 1 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE 10 2 AUTONOMOUS SECURITY AND EMERGENCY CONTROL 10 2 1 MODEL AND CONTROL STRUCTURE 10 2 2 GENERIC RULES FOR COORDINATION 10 2 3 SYNTHESIS OF THE AUTONOMOUS CONTROL SYSTEM 10 2 3 1 BAY CONTROL LEVEL 10 2 3 2 SUBSTATION AND NETWORK CONTROL LEVEL 10 2 3 3 PREVENTIVE COORDINATION 10 3 ADAPTIVE SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY CONTROL 10 3 1 AUTONOMOUS COMPONENTS FOR DAMPING CONTROL 10 4 VERIFICATION 10 4 1 FAILURE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE 10 4 2 INCREASE OF LOAD 11 MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS FOR COORDINATED CONTROL OF FACTS-DEVICES 11 1 CHALLENGES FOR COORDINATED CONTROL 11 2 MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM STRUCTURE 11 2 1 COMMUNICATION MODEL 11 2 1 1 PRINCIPLE COMMUNICATION AMONG AGENTS 11 2 1 2 COMMUNICATION RULES 11 2 2 INFLUENCE AREA OF A PFC 11 2 2 1 CALCULATING THE SENSITIVITY 11 2 2 2 ASSIGNING THE DIRECTION OF IMPACT 11 2 3 DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION 11 2 3 1 WEIGHTING FUNCTION 11 2 3 2 CONTROL OF PFCS 11 3 VERIFICATION 11 3 1 TRIPPING OF A TRANSMISSION LINE 11 3 2 INCREASE OF LOAD 12 WIDE AREA CONTROL OF FACTS 12 1 WIDE AREA MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM 12 2 WIDE AREA MONITORING APPLICATIONS 12 2 1 CORRIDOR VOLTAGE STABILITY MONITORING 12 2 2 THERMAL LIMIT MONITORING 12 2 3 OSCILLATORY STABILITY MONITORING 12 2 4 TOPOLOGY DETECTION AND STATE CALCULATION 12 2 5 LOADABILITY CALCULATION BASED ON OPF TECHNIQUES 12 2 6 VOLTAGE STABILITY PREDICTION 12 3 WIDE AREA CONTROL APPLICATIONS 12 3 1 PREDICTIVE CONTROL WITH SETPOINT OPTIMIZATION 12 3 2 REMOTE FEEDBACK CONTROL 13 MODELING OF POWER SYSTEMS FOR SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH FACTS 13 1 SMALL SIGNAL MODELING 13 1 1 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS 13 1 2 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 13 1 3 TURBINE AND GOVERNOR MODEL 13 1 4 LOAD MODEL 13 1 5 NETWORK AND POWER FLOW MODEL 13 1 6 FACTS-MODELS 13 1 6 1 SVC-MODEL 13 1 6 2 TCPS-MODEL 13 1 6 3 TCSC-MODEL 13 1 7 STUDY SYSTEM 13 2 EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS 13 2 1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY RESULTS OF STUDY SYSTEM 13 2 2 EIGENVECTOR, MODE SHAPE AND PARTICIPATION FACTOR 13 3 MODAL CONTROLLABILITY, OBSERVABILITY AND RESIDUE 14 LINEAR CONTROL DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY WITH FACTS 14 1 H-INFINITY MIXED-SENSITIVITY FORMULATION 14 2 GENERALIZED H-INFINITY PROBLEM WITH POLE PLACEMENT 14 3 MATRIX INEQUALITY FORMULATION 14 4 LINEARIZATION OF MATRIX INEQUALITIES 14 5 CASE STUDY 14 5 1 WEIGHT SELECTION 14 5 2 CONTROL DESIGN 14 5 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 14 5 4 SIMULATION RESULTS 14 6 CASE STUDY ON SEQUENTIAL DESIGN 14 6 1 TEST SYSTEM 14 6 2 CONTROL DESIGN 14 6 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 14 6 4 SIMULATION RESULTS 14 7 H-INFINITY CONTROL FOR TIME DELAYED SYSTEMS 14 8 SMITH PREDICTOR FOR TIME-DELAYED SYSTEMS 14 9 PROBLEM FORMULATION USING UNIFIED SMITH PREDICTOR 14 10 CASE STUDY 14 10 1 CONTROL DESIGN 14 10 2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 14 10 3 SIMULATION RESULTS 15 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY CONTROL USING FACTS WITH MULTIPLE OPERATING POINTS 15 1 INTRODUCTION 15 1 1 LMI BASED TECHNIQUES FOR DAMPING CONTROL DESIGN 15 1 2 THE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF LMI BASED DAMPING CONTROL DESIGN FOR MULTI-MODEL SYSTEMS 15 2 NONLINEAR MATRIX INEQUALITIES FORMULATION OF FACTS STABILITY CONTROL CONSIDERING MULTIPLE OPERATING POINTS 15 2 1 MULTI-MODEL SYSTEM 15 3 A TWO-STEP DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER 15 3 1 FIRST STEP: DETERMINATION OF THE VARIABLE K 15 3 2 SECOND STEP: DETERMINATION OF VARIABLES AK AND BK 15 4 EXTENSION TO H2 AND H? PERFORMANCES 15 4 1 FIRST STEP: DETERMINING K FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL 15 4 2 SECOND STEP: DETERMINING AK AND BK FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE CONTROL 15 4 3 H? PERFORMANCE 15 4 4 H2 PERFORMANCE 15 4 5 REMARKS ON THE TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH 15 5 TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE SINGLE-MACHINE- INFINITE-BUS 15 5 1 SINGLE-MACHINE-INFINITE-BUS (SMIB) 15 5 2 POLE PLACEMENT BASED DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN USING THE TWO-STEP APPROACH 15 5 3 COMPARISON MLMI WITH SLMI USING NONLINEAR SIMULATIONS 15 6 TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM 15 6 1 MULTI-MACHINE TEST SYSTEM 15 6 2 TWO-STEP DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM 15 6 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 15 6 4 NONLINEAR SIMULATIONS 15 6 4 1 CLOSED-LOOP PERFORMANCE UNDER SMALL DISTURBANCES 15 6 4 2 CLOSED-LOOP PERFORMANCE UNDER THREE-PHASE FAULT CONDITIONS 15 7 ALTERNATIVE TWO-STEP CONTROL DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE MULTI-MACHINE SYSTEM 15 7 1 INTRODUCTION OF SCADA/EMS 15 7 2 ALTERNATIVE TWO-STEP DAMPING CONTROLLER DESIGN APPROACH 15 7 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 15 8 SUMMARY 16 CONTROL OF A LOOPING DEVICE IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 16 1 OVERVIEW OF A LOOPING DEVICE IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 16 2 LOCAL CONTROL OF LOOPING DEVICE 16 2 1 ESTIMATION OF LINE VOLTAGE 16 2 2 LOOP POWER FLOW CONTROL 16 2 3 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL 16 3 APPROXIMATION CONTROL 16 3 1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION AND OPTIMAL CONTROL 16 3 2 APPROXIMATION USING THE LEAST-SQUARES METHOD 16 4 SIMULATION 16 5 DEMONSTRATION 16 5 1 FIELD TEST SYSTEM 16 5 2 SIMPLE CONTROL FOR TESTING 16 5 3 TESTING CONDITIONS 16 5 4 TESTING RESULTS 17 POWER ELECTRONIC CONTROL FOR WIND GENERATION SYSTEMS 17 1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 WT WITH DFIG 17 2 1 MODELLING AND CONTROL OF WT WITH DFIG 17 2 1 1 SELECTION OF MODELS OF DFIG FOR POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 17 2 1 2 DECOUPLING CONTROL OF DFIG 17 2 1 3 IMPACTS OF WT WITH DFIG ON POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 17 2 2 MODEL OF WT WITH DFIG 17 2 2 1 MODEL OF DFIG 17 2 2 2 MODEL OF DRIVE TRAIN 17 2 2 3 MODEL OF THE BACK-TO-BACK CONVERTERS 17 2 2 4 ROTOR SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER MODEL 17 2 2 5 GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER MODEL 17 2 2 6 PITCH CONTROLLER 17 2 2 7 INTERFACING WITH POWER GRID 17 3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WT WITH DFIG 17 3 1 DYNAMIC MODEL OF WT WITH DFIG 17 3 2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS MODEL OF WT WITH DFIG 17 3 3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WT WITH DFIG 17 3 3 1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES [6][19] 17 3 3 2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH PI CONTROLLERS 17 3 3 3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH OPTIMIZED PI CONTROLLERS 17 3 4 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 17 3 4 1 FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM - SMALL DISTURBANCE 17 3 4 2 FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM - LARGE DISTURBANCE 17 4 MODEL OF WT WITH DDPMG 17 4 1 MODEL OF WT WITH DDPMG 17 4 1 1 MODEL OF DDPMG 17 4 1 2 MODEL OF DRIVE TRAIN 17 4 1 3 MODEL OF CONVERTER 17 4 1 4 GENERATOR SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER MODEL 17 4 1 5 GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROLLER 17 4 1 6 INTERFACING WITH POWER GRID 17 4 1 7 DYNAMIC MODEL OF WT WITH DDPMG SYSTEM 17 5 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WT WITH DDPMG 17 5 1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS MODEL 17 5 2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WT WITH DDPMG 17 5 2 1 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH PI CONTROLLER 17 5 2 2 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE WT WITH DDPMG USING OPTIMIZED PI CONTROLLERS 17 5 3 DYNAMIC SIMULATION ON FOUR-MACHINE SYSTEM 17 6 NONLINEAR CONTROL OF WIND GENERATION SYSTEMS 17 6 1 NONLINEAR CONTROL 17 6 2 THIRD-ORDER MODEL OF WT WITH DFIG 17 6 3 NONLINEAR CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE WT WITH DFIG 17 6 3 1 MODEL EXACT LINEARIZATION OF THE WT WITH DFIG 17 6 3 2 NONLINEAR CONTROL DESIGN FOR THE WT WITH DFIG 17 6 5 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 17 6 5 1 CCT ANALYSIS 17 6 5 2 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE 17 7 MODELLING OF LARGE WIND FARMS USING SYSTEM DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE 17 7 1 IDENTIFICATION OF COHERENCY GROUPS 17 7 2 NETWORK REDUCTION 17 7 3 AGGREGATION OF DYNAMIC PARAMETERS 17 7 4 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS 17 8 INTERCONNECTION OF LARGE WIND FARMS WITH POWER GRID VIA HVDC LINK 17 8 1 DEVELOPMENT IN VSC HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 17 8 2 VSC HVDC CONTROL FOR WIND FARM INTERCONNECTION 17 8 3 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS