POWER AND POWER TRANSMISSION
1 Introduction ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 11 Background on Synchrophasor Technology ??????????????????????????????????????? 1 12 Synchronized Measurement Devices ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2 121 Standalone PMUs ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 6 122 PMU-Enabled IEDs ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 8 123 Time Synchronization Options ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 124 Phasor Data Concentrators ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 11 13 Synchronized Measurement Networks ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 14 Motivation for the Book ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 References ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 16 2 State Estimation and Visualization ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17 21 The Energy Management System ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 18 22 Real Time Operational Requirements ????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 23 SCADA System ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 22 24 System Network Configurator ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25 25 Legacy State Estimation Algorithms ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 27 26 PMU-Based LSE ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 36 27 Substation-Based State Estimation ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 41 28 QSE ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42 281 General Description ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 44 282 IEDs/PMUs and Instrumentation Channel Model ??????????????????? 44 283 Definition of States ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 45 284 Quadratic Component Modeling and Quadratic Integration ??? 46 285 Measurement Set and Measurement Model ???????????????????????????? 48 286 State Estimation Algorithm ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50 287 Performance Metrics ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 50 288 Visualizations ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 52 29 Summary and Conclusions ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 54 References ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 56 3 Real Time Stability Monitoring ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 59 31 Stability Phenomena in Power Systems ???????????????????????????????????????????? 59 311 Voltage Stability Phenomena ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 60 312 Small-Signal Stability Phenomena ???????????????????????????????????????? 61 313 Transient Stability Phenomena ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 64 32 Real Time Voltage Stability Monitoring ??????????????????????????????????????????? 64 321 Voltage Security Index and its Motivation ???????????????????????????? 65 322 Estimation of security index ?i from PMU data ??????????????????? 68 323 Estimation Example Based on Actual PMU Data ????????????????? 69 324 Real Time Implementation from PMU Data ????????????????????????? 71 33 Real Time Oscillation Monitoring ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 71 331 Oscillation Monitoring System ????????????????????????????????????????????? 73 332 Event Analysis Engine and Prony Algorithms ?????????????????????? 74 333 Damping Monitor Engine and Ambient Algorithms ????????????? 85 334 Real Time OMS Implementation ?????????????????????????????????????????? 89 34 Real Time Angle Stability Monitoring ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 91 341 Phase Angle-Based Algorithm ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 92 35 Conclusions ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 97 References ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 97 4 Online Transient Stability Assessment ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 99 41 Online Transient Stability Assessment ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 99 42 Online Transient Stability Assessment Methods ??????????????????????????????? 100 421 Traditional Time Domain Simulation ??????????????????????????????????? 100 422 Direct Methods ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 100 423 Artificial Learning ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 101 43 DTs for Transient Stability Assessment ???????????????????????????????????????????? 102 44 Theoretical Background ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 103 441 Definition ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 103 442 CART Methodology ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 103 45 DT Building (Preliminary Tasks) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 105 451 Generation of Operating Scenarios ??????????????????????????????????????? 106 452 Stability Assessment ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 106 453 Selection of Attributes ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 106 454 Preparation of Database ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 106 455 Multiclass and Multicontingency DT Considerations ??????????? 107 46 Use of PMUs for Transient Stability Assessment ????????????????????????????? 107 47 DT-Based Online Security Assessment Scheme ??????????????????????????????? 108 471 Offline DT Building ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 108 472 Periodic OC Prediction and DT Updating ???????????????????????????? 110 473 Online Security Assessment ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 111 48 Reliability of the DT ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 111 49 Preventive Control ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 113 410 Building a Better DT by Adjusting Penalties for Predictors ??????????? 113 411 Case Study on Entergy System ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 115 412 Database Generation ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 116 4121 Operating Conditions ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 116 4122 Contingencies ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 116 4123 Candidate Attributes ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 117 413 Results for Entergy System ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118 4131 DTs for Transient Stability (DT-U) ??????????????????????????????????? 118 4132 DTs for Damping (DT-D) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 118 414 Evaluation of DT Reliability ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 125 415 Summary of Results for Entergy System ???????????????????????????????????????? 126 416 Voltage Stability Case Study on AEP System ????????????????????????????????? 127 417 OC Generation ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 129 418 Voltage Security Analysis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 131 419 Predictor Selection and Database Generation ????????????????????????????????? 131 420 DT Training and Performance ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 133 421 DT Performance Improvement ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 134 4211 Multiple Optimal DTs ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 136 4212 Corrective DTs ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 138 4213 Maximum DTs ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 140 References ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 141 5 Transmission Line Fault Location ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 143 51 Fault Location Applications ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 143 52 Implementation Issues ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 144 53 The Use of Synchronized Samples from Two Ends ?????????????????????????? 147 531 Theoretical Formulation ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 147 532 Implementation Details and Results ??????????????????????????????????? 152 533 Features and Benefits ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 162 54 The Use of Sparse Synchronized Phasor Measurement for Fault Location ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 162 541 Theoretical Formulation ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 163 542 Implementation Details and Results ??????????????????????????????????? 164 543 Features and Benefits ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 173 References ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 173