THE ELEMENTS OF GRAPHIC STATICS AND GENERAL GRAPHIC METHODS
CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION SEQUENCE ANALYSIS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 1 1 TIMING AND CONTEXT OF THE BOOK 1 2 CONTRIBUTIONS 1 3 AUDIENCE AND SCOPE 1 4 RELATED REFERENCES 1 5 PLAN OF THE BOOK PART II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 2 1 WHAT ARE SOCIAL SEQUENCES? 2 2 THE STRUCTURAL ORIGINS OF SOCIAL SEQUENCES 2 3 WHY SOCIAL SEQUENCES MATTER 2 4 ORIGINS OF SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 2 4 1 NARRATIVE POSITIVISM 2 4 2 THE RELATIONAL NATURE OF SOCIAL PHENOMENA 2 4 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHOLE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS METHODS 2 4 4 PIVOTAL CRITICISMS 2 5 THE SECOND WAVE OF SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 2 5 1 SEQUENCES AS NETWORKS 2 5 2 MICROSEQUENCE ANALYSIS 2 6 LOOKING AHEAD PART III SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES SEQUENCE ANALYSIS CONCEPTS AND DATA 3 1 SEQUENCE PROPERTIES 3 1 1 POSITIONS 3 1 2 ELEMENTS 3 1 3 SUBSTRUCTURES 3 1 4 SUBJECTS 3 2 KEY ISSUES IN SEQUENCE DATA 3 2 1 RECURRENCE 3 2 2 TIES AND MULTIDIMENSIONALITY 3 2 3 GAPS 3 3 THE SEQUENCE UNIVERSE 3 3 1 SIZE 3 3 2 BOUNDARY SPECIFICATION 3 4 SEQUENCE DATA 3 4 1 DATA COLLECTION 3 4 2 ELEMENT-POSITION SAMPLING 3 4 3 UNITS OF MEASURE 3 5 DATA USED IN THIS BOOK 3 5 1 THE SURVEY OF HEALTH, AGEING, AND RETIREMENT IN EUROPE (SHARE) 3 5 2 THE CORRELATES OF WAR GLOBAL TRADE NETWORK 3 5 3 THE DAVIS, GARDNER, AND GARDNER DEEP SOUTH STUDY 3 5 4 THE MULTINATIONAL TIME USE STUDY (MTUS) 3 5 5 THE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY (ATUS) DETECTING SEQUENCE STRUCTURE 4 1 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 4 1 1 SEQUENCE LENGTH 4 1 2 ELEMENT FREQUENCIES 4 1 3 N-GRAMS 4 1 4 POSITION REPORTS 4 2 DESCRIBING STOCHASTIC PATTERNS 4 2 1 TRANSITION MATRICES 4 2 2 MARKOV CHAINS 4 3 SEQUENTIAL CONNECTION 4 3 1 EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PARENTHOOD-STRESS LINK 4 4 STATIONARITY 4 4 1 EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION: STATIONARITY IN THE WORLD SYSTEM 4 5 SPELLS 4 6 HOMOGENEITY 4 7 ON USING SUMMARY STATISTICS AND TESTS 4 8 VISUAL AIDS 4 8 1 TRANSITION BUBBLE GRAPHS 4 8 2 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAMS 4 8 3 SEQUENCE INDEX PLOTS 4 8 4 STATE DISTRIBUTION GRAPHS 4 8 5 TEMPOGRAMS 4 8 6 SEQUENCE-NETWORK DIAGRAMS 4 8 7 ON THE USE OF COLOR AND GRAYSCALE 4 9 LOOKING AHEAD WHOLE-SEQUENCE COMPARISON METHODS 5 1 SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT 5 1 1 SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT OPERATIONS 5 1 2 OPERATION COSTS AND DISTANCE 5 2 CLASSICAL OPTIMAL MATCHING (OM) 5 2 1 FINDING THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION 5 2 2 THE NEEDLEMAN–WUNSCH ALGORITHM 5 3 BASIC OPERATION COST REGIMES 5 3 1 LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE 5 3 2 LEVENSHTEIN II DISTANCE 5 3 3 HAMMING DISTANCE 5 4 CONSIDERATIONS IN SETTING OPERATION COSTS 5 4 1 ORDER VERSUS TIMING 5 4 2 TIME WARPING 5 5 CRITICISMS OF CLASSICAL OM 5 5 1 THEORY/METHOD FIT 5 5 2 ARBITRARY OPERATION COSTS 5 6 IMPROVEMENTS ON CLASSICAL OM 5 6 1 VARIABLE SUBSTITUTION COSTS 5 6 2 DISTANCE NORMALIZATION 5 6 3 REFERENCE SEQUENCE COMPARISON 5 6 4 SPELL-ADJUSTED DISTANCES 5 6 5 THE DYNAMIC HAMMING METHOD 5 7 DETECTING WHOLE SEQUENCE PATTERNS 5 7 1 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS 5 7 2 IDENTIFYING SEQUENCE CLASSES 5 7 3 ASSESSING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 5 7 4 DESCRIBING SEQUENCE CLASSES 5 8 RECENT ADVANCES IN SEQUENCE COMPARISON 5 8 1 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 5 8 2 TWO-STAGE OPTIMAL MATCHING (2SOM) ANALYSIS 5 8 3 TRANSITION SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 5 8 4 NONALIGNMENT TECHNIQUES 5 8 5 BEYOND CLUSTER ANALYSIS PART IV NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS NETWORK METHODS FOR SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 6 1 THEORETICAL RATIONALE 6 1 1 NETWORKS OF SEQUENCES 6 1 2 SEQUENCES AS BASES OF AFFILIATIONS 6 2 NETWORK CONCEPTS AND TERMS 6 2 1 NETWORK MATRICES AND COMPONENTS 6 2 2 DIRECTED AND UNDIRECTED NETWORKS 6 2 3 ONE- AND TWO-MODE NETWORKS 6 2 4 SUBJECT COMEMBERSHIP AND ELEMENT OVERLAP 6 3 SEQUENCE-NETWORK CONSTRUCTION 6 3 1 NONRECURRENT SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 3 2 RECURRENT SEQUENCE AFFILIATION NETWORKS 6 3 3 DIRECTED SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 3 4 MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 4 VISUALIZATION 6 4 1 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBJECTS 6 4 2 TWO-MODE ORDERED EVENT NETWORKS 6 4 3 TWO-MODE RECURRENT SEQUENCES 6 4 4 DIRECTED SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 5 STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 6 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBJECT/ELEMENT SUBSETS 6 6 1 SUBSETS IN SEQUENCE AFFILIATION NETWORKS 6 6 2 ELEMENT SUBSETS IN DIRECTED SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 6 3 SEQUENCE MOTIFS 6 7 EVENT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 6 8 STATISTICAL NETWORK MODELS FOR SEQUENTIAL EVENTS 6 8 1 EXPONENTIAL RANDOM GRAPH (P*) MODELS 6 8 2 ERGMS FOR ORDERED NONRECURRENT SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 9 DYNAMIC SEQUENCE NETWORKS 6 9 1 SUBJECT- AND ELEMENT-LEVEL CHANGE 6 9 2 SEQUENCE SUBSET EVOLUTION 6 9 3 WHOLE SEQUENCE-NETWORK EVOLUTION 6 10 CONCLUSION SOCIAL MICROSEQUENCE ANALYSIS 7 1 AN EXEMPLARY SEQUENCE CONTEXT 7 2 THE ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL MICROSEQUENCES 7 2 1 RELATIONSHIP TO MICROINTERACTION SEQUENCES 7 2 2 ELEMENTS AND POSITIONS 7 2 3 DATA COLLECTION AND AVAILABILITY 7 3 NONNETWORK SEQUENCE APPROACHES 7 3 1 OM SEQUENCE CLASSIFICATION 7 3 2 TRANSITION AND SWITCHING ANALYSIS 7 4 SEQUENCE-NETWORK APPROACHES 7 4 1 SYNCHRONY 7 4 2 MEASUREMENT OF SYNCHRONY 7 4 3 IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF SYNCHRONY 7 4 4 ROUTINE 7 4 5 MEASUREMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF ROUTINE 7 5 NEXT STEPS PART V CONCLUSIONS THE PROMISE OF SOCIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 8 1 LIMITATIONS 8 2 FUTURE RESEARCH 8 2 1 ROUTINE AND ROUTINIZATION 8 2 2 SEQUENCE NETWORKS, NETWORK SEQUENCES 8 2 3 SEQUENTIAL STATISTICAL INFERENCE 8 2 4 DATA COLLECTION REFERENCES