ENGINEERING MECHANICS

By H. LAENI

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS CONSTITUENT MATERIALS FOR COMPOSITES REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS INCLUDING NANOREINFORCEMENTS MATRIX AND FILLER MATERIALS STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITES MULTIFUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITES FABRICATION PROCESSES ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITES REVIEW OF BASIC MECHANICS OF MATERIALS EQUATIONS REFERENCES 2 LAMINA STRESS–STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS INTRODUCTION EFFECTIVE MODULI IN STRESS–STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS SYMMETRY IN STRESS–STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS ORTHOTROPIC AND ISOTROPIC ENGINEERING CONSTANTS SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC LAMINA GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC LAMINA 3 EFFECTIVE MODULI OF A CONTINUOUS FIBER-REINFORCED LAMINA ELEMENTARY MECHANICS OF MATERIALS MODELS LONGITUDINAL MODULUS TRANSVERSE MODULUS SHEAR MODULUS AND POISSON’S RATIO IMPROVED MECHANICS OF MATERIALS MODELS ELASTICITY MODELS FINITE DIFFERENCE MODELS FINITE ELEMENT MODELS CLOSED-FORM AND VARIATIONAL MODELS SEMIEMPIRICAL MODELS 4 STRENGTH OF A CONTINUOUS FIBER-REINFORCED LAMINA MULTIAXIAL STRENGTH CRITERIA MAXIMUM STRESS CRITERION MAXIMUM STRAIN CRITERION QUADRATIC INTERACTION CRITERIA MICROMECHANICS MODELS FOR LAMINA STRENGTH LONGITUDINAL STRENGTH TRANSVERSE STRENGTH IN-PLANE SHEAR STRENGTH MULTIAXIAL STRENGTH 5 ANALYSIS OF LAMINA HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOR HYGROTHERMAL DEGRADATION OF PROPERTIES LAMINA STRESS–STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS INCLUDING HYGROTHERMAL EFFECTS MICROMECHANICS MODELS FOR HYGROTHERMAL PROPERTIES 6 ANALYSIS OF A DISCONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED LAMINA ALIGNED DISCONTINUOUS FIBERS STRESS AND STRENGTH ANALYSIS MODULUS ANALYSIS OFF-AXIS-ALIGNED DISCONTINUOUS FIBERS RANDOMLY ORIENTED DISCONTINUOUS FIBERS NANOFIBERS AND NANOTUBES PARTICULATES HYBRID MULTISCALE REINFORCEMENTS 7 ANALYSIS OF LAMINATES THEORY OF LAMINATED BEAMS FLEXURAL STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS SHEAR STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS THEORY OF LAMINATED PLATES WITH COUPLING STIFFNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED LAMINATE CONFIGURATIONS SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC LAMINATES GENERALLY ORTHOTROPIC LAMINATES SYMMETRIC LAMINATES ANTISYMMETRIC LAMINATES QUASI-ISOTROPIC LAMINATES DERIVATION AND USE OF LAMINATE COMPLIANCES INVERSION OF LAMINATE FORCE–DEFORMATION EQUATIONS DETERMINATION OF LAMINA STRESSES AND STRAINS DETERMINATION OF LAMINATE ENGINEERING CONSTANTS COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND PREDICTED COMPLIANCES HYGROTHERMAL EFFECTS IN LAMINATES HYGROTHERMAL DEGRADATION OF LAMINATES HYGROTHERMAL STRESSES IN LAMINATES LAMINATE HYGROTHERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS INTERLAMINAR STRESSES LAMINATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS FIRST PLY FAILURE AND SUBSEQUENT PLY FAILURES DUE TO IN-PLANE STRESSES DELAMINATION DUE TO INTERLAMINAR STRESSES DEFLECTION AND BUCKLING OF LAMINATES ANALYSIS OF SMALL TRANSVERSE DEFLECTIONS BUCKLING ANALYSIS 7 10 SELECTION OF LAMINATE DESIGNS 7 11 APPLICATION OF LAMINATE ANALYSIS TO COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 7 11 1 COMPOSITE SANDWICH STRUCTURES 7 11 2 COMPOSITE GRID STRUCTURES 8 ANALYSIS OF VISCOELASTIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR LINEAR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITES BOLTZMANN SUPERPOSITION INTEGRALS FOR CREEP AND RELAXATION DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SPRING–DASHPOT MODELS QUASIELASTIC ANALYSIS SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATIONS AND COMPLEX MODULUS NOTATION ELASTIC–VISCOELASTIC CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE TEMPERATURE AND AGING EFFECTS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITES LONGITUDINAL WAVE PROPAGATION AND VIBRATIONS IN SPECIALLY ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE BARS FLEXURAL VIBRATION OF COMPOSITE BEAMS TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF LAMINATED PLATES ANALYSIS OF DAMPING IN COMPOSITES NANOENHANCEMENT OF VISCOELASTIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES 9 ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSES OF THROUGH-THICKNESS CRACKS STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR APPROACH STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATE APPROACH VIRTUAL CRACK CLOSURE TECHNIQUE STRESS FRACTURE CRITERIA FOR THROUGH-THICKNESS NOTCHES INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE NANOENHANCEMENT OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 10 MECHANICAL TESTING OF COMPOSITES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 MEASUREMENT OF CONSTITUENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES 10 2 1 FIBER TESTS 10 2 2 NEAT RESIN MATRIX TESTS 10 2 3 CONSTITUENT VOLUME FRACTION MEASUREMENT 10 3 MEASUREMENT OF BASIC COMPOSITE PROPERTIES 10 3 1 TENSILE TESTS 10 3 2 COMPRESSIVE TESTS 10 3 3 SHEAR TESTS 10 3 4 FLEXURE TESTS 10 3 5 INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE TESTS 10 3 6 FIBER/MATRIX INTERFACE TESTS 10 3 7 OPEN-HOLE AND FILLED-HOLE TESTS 10 3 8 BEARING TESTS 10 3 9 PULL-THROUGH TESTS 10 4 MEASUREMENT OF VISCOELASTIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES 10 4 1 CREEP TESTS 10 4 2 VIBRATION TESTS 10 5 MEASUREMENT OF HYGROTHERMAL PROPERTIES 10 5 1 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE TESTS 10 5 2 THERMAL EXPANSION TESTS 10 5 3 MOISTURE ABSORPTION TESTS 11 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS