TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS: VAPOR THEORY
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HOW IS THIS BOOK STRUCTURED? CLASSI?CATION OF THERMODYNAMICS TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS DISTINCTION THERMODYNAMICS/HEAT TRANSFER THERMODYNAMICS HEAT TRANSFER HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS THE CALORIC THEORY AROUND 1780 THERMODYNAMICS AS FROM THE 18TH CENTURY THERMODYNAMICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY MODERN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PART I BASICS AND IDEAL FLUIDS ENERGY AND WORK MECHANICAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY POTENTIAL ENERGY SPRING ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY—HEAT CHEMICAL ENERGY CHANGEABILITY OF ENERGY JOULE’S PADDLE WHEEL INTERNAL ENERGY SYSTEM AND STATE SYSTEM CLASSI?CATION OF SYSTEMS PERMEABILITY OF SYSTEMS—OPEN VERSUS CLOSED SYSTEMS EXAMPLES FOR THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS STATE OF A SYSTEM THERMAL STATE VALUES CALORIC STATE VALUES OUTER STATE VALUES SIZE OF A SYSTEM EXTENSIVE, INTENSIVE AND SPECI?C STATE VALUES THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM LOCAL THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTIONS IN TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS EQUATIONS OF STATE GIBBS’ PHASE RULE SINGLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS WITHOUT PHASE CHANGE SINGLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS WITH PHASE CHANGE MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEMS EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT EQUATIONS OF STATE THERMAL EQUATION OF STATE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS PRESSURE VARIATIONS IDEAL GAS LAW CHANGES OF STATE THE P, V-DIAGRAM ISOTHERMAL CHANGE OF STATE ISOBARIC CHANGE OF STATE ISOCHORIC CHANGE OF STATE EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS QUASI-STATIC CHANGES OF STATE REQUIREMENT FOR A QUASI-STATIC CHANGE OF STATE REVERSIBLE VERSUS IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES OF STATE MECHANICAL THERMAL CHEMICAL CONVENTIONAL THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES EQUILIBRIUM PROCESS TRANSIENT STATE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES STEADY STATE PROCESS OPEN SYSTEMS CLOSED SYSTEMS CYCLES PROCESS VALUES HEAT AND WORK WORK DE?NITION OF WORK VOLUME WORK EFFECTIVE WORK SYSTEMS WITH INTERNAL FRICTION—DISSIPATION DISSIPATION VERSUS OUTER FRICTION MECHANICAL WORK SHAFT WORK SHIFTING WORK TECHNICAL WORK RESPECTIVELY PRESSURE WORK STATE VALUE VERSUS PROCESS VALUE TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL SCHWARZ’S THEOREM FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN WORK AND HEAT SYSTEMS AT REST SYSTEMS IN MOTION PARTIAL ENERGY EQUATION FORMULATION OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS NON-STEADY STATE FLOWS STEADY STATE FLOWS CALORIC EQUATIONS OF STATE SPECI?C INTERNAL ENERGY U AND SPECI?C ENTHALPY H FOR IDEAL GASES SPECI?C ENTROPY S AS NEW STATE VALUE FOR IDEAL GASES DERIVATION OF THE CALORIC EQUATIONS FOR REAL FLUIDS SPECI?C INTERNAL ENERGY U SPECI?C ENTHALPY H HANDLING OF THE CALORIC STATE EQUATIONS IDEAL GASES DISTINCTION BETWEEN CV AND CP FOR IDEAL GASES ISENTROPIC EXPONENT TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SPECI?C HEAT CAPACITY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS, SOLIDS ADIABATIC THROTTLE MEANING AND HANDLING OF ENTROPY ENTROPY—CLARI?CATION COMPARISON ENTROPY BALANCE VERSUS FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENERGY CONVERSION—WHY DO WE NEED ENTROPY? THE T, S-DIAGRAM BENE?T OF A NEW STATE DIAGRAM PHYSICAL LAWS IN A T, S-DIAGRAM FOR IDEAL GASES ADIABATIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGE OF STATE POLYTROPIC CHANGE OF STATE ENTROPY BALANCING ENTROPY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS ENTROPY BALANCE FOR OPEN SYSTEMS THERMODYNAMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE ENTROPY AND PROCESS EVALUATION ENTROPY—CONCLUSION TRANSIENT PROCESSES MECHANICAL DRIVEN PROCESS THERMAL DRIVEN PROCESS CHEMICAL DRIVEN PROCESS CONCLUSIONS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FORMULATION ACCORDING TO PLANCK—CLOCKWISE CYCLE PROCESSES THE THERMAL ENGINE WHY CLOCKWISE CYCLE? FORMULATION ACCORDING TO CLAUSIUS—COUNTERCLOCKWISE CYCLE PROCESSES THE COOLING MACHINE/HEAT PUMP WHY COUNTERCLOCKWISE CYCLE? THE CARNOT-MACHINE THE CARNOT-MACHINE—CLOCKWISE CYCLE THE CARNOT-MACHINE—COUNTERCLOCKWISE CYCLE EXERGY EXERGY OF HEAT HEAT AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE HEAT AT VARIABLE TEMPERATURE SIGN OF THE EXERGY OF HEAT EXERGY OF FLUID FLOWS EXERGY OF CLOSED SYSTEMS LOSS OF EXERGY CLOSED SYSTEM OPEN SYSTEM IN STEADY STATE OPERATION SANKEY-DIAGRAM OPEN SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES COMPONENTS TURBINE COMPRESSOR THERMAL TURBOMACHINES IN A H, S-DIAGRAM HEAT EXCHANGER CARNOT PROCESS JOULE PROCESS CLAUSIUS RANKINE PROCESS SEILIGER PROCESS STIRLING PROCESS COMPRESSION HEAT PUMP PROCESS OVERVIEW PART II REAL FLUIDS AND MIXTURES SINGLE-COMPONENT FLUIDS IDEAL GAS VERSUS REAL FLUIDS PHASE CHANGE REAL FLUIDS EXAMPLE: ISOBARIC VAPORISATION THE P, V, T-STATE SPACE P, T -DIAGRAM T, V-DIAGRAM P, V-DIAGRAM STATE DESCRIPTION WITHIN THE WET STEAM REGION STATE VALUES OF REAL FLUIDS VAN DER WAALS EQUATION OF STATE REDLICH-KWONG PENG-ROBINSON BERTHELOT DIETERICI VIRIAL EQUATIONS STEAM TABLES ENERGETIC CONSIDERATION REVERSIBILITY OF VAPORISATION HEAT OF VAPORISATION CALORIC STATE DIAGRAMS CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON RELATION ADIABATIC THROTTLING—JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT IDEAL GAS REAL GAS MIXTURE OF IDEAL GASES CONCENTRATION SPECI?CATIONS DALTON’S LAW LAWS OF MIXING CONCENTRATION, THERMAL STATE VALUES INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY ADIABATIC MIXING TEMPERATURE IRREVERSIBILITY OF MIXING HUMID AIR THERMODYNAMIC STATE CONCENTRATION AGGREGATE STATE OF THE WATER DISTINCTION BETWEEN VAPORISATION AND EVAPORATION UNSATURATED VERSUS SATURATED AIR SPECI?C STATE VALUES SPECI?C ENTHALPY H1+X SPECI?C ENTROPY S1+X OVERVIEW POSSIBLE CASES THE H1+X, X-DIAGRAM ACCORDING TO MOLLIER CHANGES OF STATE FOR HUMID AIR HEATING AND COOLING AT CONSTANT WATER CONTENT DEHUMIDI?CATION ADIABATIC MIXING OF HUMID AIR HUMIDI?CATION OF AIR ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE THE H1+X, X-DIAGRAM FOR VARYING TOTAL PRESSURE STEADY STATE FLOW PROCESSES INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS ADIABATIC FLOWS ADIABATIC DIFFUSOR ADIABATIC NOZZLE VELOCITY OF SOUND FANNO CORRELATION RAYLEIGH CORRELATION NORMAL SHOCK SUPERSONIC FLOWS FLOW OF A CONVERGING NOZZLE LAVAL-NOZZLE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES WITH PHASE CHANGE STEAM POWER PROCESS CLAUSIUS–RANKINE PROCESS STEAM POWER PLANT HEAT PUMP AND COOLING MACHINE MECHANICAL COMPRESSION THERMAL COMPRESSION PART III REACTIVE SYSTEMS COMBUSTION PROCESSES FOSSIL FUELS FUEL COMPOSITION SOLID FUELS LIQUID FUELS GASEOUS FUELS STOICHIOMETRY SOLID/LIQUID FUELS MASS CONSERVATION CONVERSIONS SETTING UP A CHEMICAL EQUATION DEW POINT OF THE EXHAUST GAS ENERGETIC BALANCING LOWER HEATING VALUE CONCEPTUAL 3-STEPS COMBUSTION HIGHER HEATING VALUE COMBUSTION CALCULATION COMPONENT BY COMPONENT MOLAR AND VOLUME SPECI?C LOWER/HIGHER HEATING VALUE COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EF?CIENCY OPERATION CHEMICAL REACTIONS MASS BALANCE ENERGY BALANCE GIBBS ENERGY DE?NITION MOLAR GIBBS ENERGY MOTIVATION CHEMICAL POTENTIAL EXERGY OF A FOSSIL FUEL