HVAC FUNDAMENTALS: HEATING SYSTEMS, FURNACES AND BOILERS
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION HEATING AND VENTILATING SYSTEMS AIR CONDITIONING SELECTING A SUITABLE HEATING, VENTILATING, OR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM CAREER OPPORTUNITIES PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS CHAPTER HEATING FUNDAMENTALS BRITISH THERMAL UNIT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT AND WORK HEAT TRANSFER SPECIFIC, SENSIBLE, AND LATENT HEAT HEAT-CONVEYING MEDIUMS AIR STEAM WATER ELECTRICITY INSULATING AND VENTILATING STRUCTURES INSULATING STRUCTURES PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSMISSION HEAT TRANSFER VALUES THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL CONDUCTANCE THERMAL RESISTANCE OVERALL COEFFICIENT OF HEAT TRANSMISSION CONDENSATION VAPOR RETARDERS AIR BARRIERS AND AIR/VAPOR RETARDERS INSULATING MATERIALS RIGID INSULATION BOARD REFLECTIVE INSULATION BLANKET OR BATT INSULATION LOOSE-FILL INSULATION BLOWN-IN INSULATION FOAM INSULATION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND LOCATION RECOMMENDED INSULATION PRACTICES FRAME WALLS MASONRY METAL SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION BASEMENT WALLS CRAWL SPACE EXTERIOR WALLS WALLS BETWEEN SEPARATELY HEATED DWELLING UNITS WOOD OR METAL JOIST FRAME FLOORS CONCRETE FLOORS SLAB-ON-GRADE FLOORS FLOORS OF SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION FRAME CEILINGS AND ROOFS CONCRETE CEILINGS SANDWICH CEILINGS WINDOWS AND DOORS INSULATING ATTICS, ATTIC CRAWL SPACES, AND FLAT ROOFS VENTILATING STRUCTURES SIZING RESIDENTIAL HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS RULE-OF-THUMB METHODS SIZING SYSTEMS USING COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSMISSION OUTSIDE DESIGN TEMPERATURE INSIDE DESIGN TEMPERATURE DESIGN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE DETERMINING COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSMISSION CALCULATING NET AREA HEAT TRANSMISSION LOSS FORMULA COMPUTING TOTAL HEAT LOSS LOSS IN DOORS AND WINDOWS LOSS IN BASEMENTS LOSS IN SLAB CONSTRUCTION INFILTRATION HEAT LOSS VENTILATION HEAT LOSS THE AVERAGE VALUE METHOD HEAT LOSS TABULATION FORMS ESTIMATING FUEL REQUIREMENTS AND HEATING COSTS THE HEAT LOSS FORMULA THE CORRECTED HEAT LOSS FORMULA THE DEGREE-DAY FORMULA THE NEMA FORMULA MANUAL J AND RELATED MATERIALS USED FOR SIZING HEATING/COOLING SYSTEMS OTHER HEATING COSTS DETERMINING UTILITY RATES HEATING FUELS NATURAL GAS MANUFACTURED GAS LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS FUEL OILS COAL COKE BRIQUETTES COAL OIL WOOD AS FUEL ASH, SLAG, AND CLINKER FORMATION SOOT COMPARING HEATING FUEL COSTS WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFYING WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS GRAVITY WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS PLANNING A GRAVITY WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM FORCED-WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS PLANNING A FORCED-WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM PERIMETER-LOOP WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS CEILING PANEL SYSTEMS CRAWL SPACE PLENUM SYSTEMS ZONING A FORCED-WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM BALANCING A WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM WARM-AIR FURNACES CONTROL COMPONENTS DUCTS AND DUCT SIZING COOLING WITH A WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM AIR CLEANING HUMIDIFIERS AND DEHUMIDIFIERS ADVANTAGES OF A WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES OF A WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING A WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEM HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFYING HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS ONE-PIPE SYSTEM SERIES-LOOP SYSTEM TWO-PIPE, DIRECT-RETURN SYSTEM TWO-PIPE, REVERSE-RETURN SYSTEM COMBINATION PIPE SYSTEMS ZONING A TWO-PIPE SYSTEM RADIANT PANEL HEATING OTHER APPLICATIONS GRAVITY HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS FORCED-HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS HOT-WATER BOILERS HYDRONIC FURNACES COMBINATION WATER HEATERS PIPE AND PIPE SIZING EXPANSION TANKS CIRCULATING PUMPS (CIRCULATORS) DRAINAGE HEAT-EMITTING UNITS MOISTURE CONTROL ELECTRICALLY HEATED SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES OF HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEMS DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEMS TROUBLESHOOTING HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEMS STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFYING STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS GRAVITY STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS ONE-PIPE, REVERSE-FLOW SYSTEM UPFEED ONE-PIPE SYSTEM UPFEED ONE-PIPE RELIEF SYSTEM DOWNFEED ONE-PIPE SYSTEM ONE-PIPE CIRCUIT SYSTEM ONE-PIPE, DIVIDED-CIRCUIT NONRELIEF SYSTEM ONE-PIPE CIRCUIT SYSTEM WITH LOOP TWO-PIPE STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS TWO-PIPE, DIVIDED-CIRCUIT SYSTEM VAPOR STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS OPEN (ATMOSPHERIC) VAPOR SYSTEMS CLOSED VAPOR SYSTEMS VACUUM STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS NATURAL VACUUM SYSTEMS MECHANICAL VACUUM SYSTEM COMBINED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND VACUUM SYSTEMS EXHAUST-STEAM HEATING PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS STEAM BOILERS HARTFORD RETURN CONNECTION PIPES AND PIPING DETAILS STEAM TRAPS PUMPS AIR SUPPLY AND VENTING UNIT HEATERS TROUBLESHOOTING STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEMS CENTRAL HOT-WATER SYSTEMS CENTRAL FORCED-WARM-AIR HEATING SYSTEMS RADIANT HEATING SYSTEMS BASEBOARD HEATING SYSTEMS ELECTRIC UNIT VENTILATORS ELECTRIC UNIT HEATERS ELECTRIC SPACE HEATERS HEAT PUMPS ELECTRIC HEATING AND COOLING CONTROLS INSULATION FOR ELECTRICALLY HEATED AND COOLED STRUCTURES FURTHER INFORMATION ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATING AND COOLING DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATING AND COOLING TROUBLESHOOTING ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEMS FURNACE FUNDAMENTALS CLASSIFYING FURNACES UPFLOW HIGHBOY FURNACE UPFLOW LOWBOY FURNACE DOWNFLOW FURNACE HORIZONTAL FURNACE GRAVITY WARM-AIR FURNACES SELECTING A FURNACE FOR A NEW HOUSE SELECTING A FURNACE FOR AN OLDER HOUSE FURNACE COMPONENTS AND CONTROLS PIPELESS FLOOR AND WALL FURNACES DUCT FURNACES GEOTHERMAL FURNACES FURNACE INSTALLATION FURNACE MAINTENANCE TROUBLESHOOTING FURNACES GAS FURNACES TYPES OF GAS FURNACES STANDING-PILOT GAS FURNACES MID-EFFICIENCY GAS FURNACES HIGH-EFFICIENCY GAS FURNACES GAS FURNACE COMPONENTS FURNACE CONTROLS HEAT EXCHANGER GAS BURNERS GAS PILOT ASSEMBLY BLOWER AND MOTOR AIR FILTER SOME INSTALLATION RECOMMENDATIONS LOCATIONS AND CLEARANCES WIRING DUCT CONNECTIONS VENTILATION AND COMBUSTION AIR VENTING FLUE PIPE CHIMNEY CHIMNEY TROUBLESHOOTING DRAFT HOOD PILOT BURNER ADJUSTMENT GAS INPUT ADJUSTMENT HIGH-ALTITUDE ADJUSTMENT CHANGING BURNER ORIFICES MANIFOLD PRESSURE ADJUSTMENT COMBUSTION AIR ADJUSTMENT GAS SUPPLY PIPING SIZING GAS PIPING INSTALLING GAS PIPING TYPICAL STARTUP INSTRUCTIONS FOR A STANDING-PILOT GAS FURNACE TYPICAL STARTUP INSTRUCTIONS FOR AN ELECTRONIC IGNITION FURNACE BLOWERS AND MOTORS AIR DELIVERY AND BLOWER ADJUSTMENT DIRECT-DRIVE BLOWER ADJUSTMENT BELT-DRIVE BLOWER ADJUSTMENT AIR FILTERS INSTALLATION CHECKLIST GAS FURNACE INSPECTIONS, SERVICE, AND MAINTENANCE TIPS TROUBLESHOOTING A GAS FURNACE TROUBLESHOOTING CHARTS OIL FURNACES CONVENTIONAL OIL FURNACE MID-EFFICIENCY AND HIGH-EFFICIENCY OIL FURNACES MID-EFFICIENCY (NONCONDENSING) OIL FURNACE HIGH-EFFICIENCY (CONDENSING) OIL FURNACE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN OIL FURNACE OIL BURNER ASSEMBLY FUEL PUMP AND FUEL PUMP MOTOR COMBUSTION AIR BLOWERS CLEANOUT AND OBSERVATION PORTS VENT OPENING INSTALLING AN OIL FURNACE LOCATION AND CLEARANCE COMBUSTION DRAFT CHIMNEYS AND CHIMNEY TROUBLESHOOTING FUEL SUPPLY TANK AND FUEL LINE FUEL TANK LOCATION FILLER PIPE TANK VENT PIPE OIL FILTER WASTE OIL FURNACES STARTING THE BURNER OIL FURNACE SPILLAGE OIL FURNACE INSPECTION, SERVICE, AND MAINTENANCE TIPS OIL FURNACE ADJUSTMENTS TROUBLESHOOTING OIL FURNACES COAL FURNACES, WOOD FURNACES, AND MULTI-FUEL FURNACES COAL FURNACES SIZING REQUIREMENTS INSTALLATION RECOMMENDATIONS ELECTRICAL WIRING FURNACE COMPONENTS AUTOMATIC CONTROLS FURNACE GRATE COAL STOKER HAND-FIRING METHODS BLOWER AND MOTOR ASSEMBLY BLOWER ADJUSTMENT SYSTEM ACCESSORY DEVICES WOOD FURNACES WOOD ADD-ON FURNACES MULTI-FUEL FURNACES INSTALLATION, OPERATING, AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAL, WOOD, AND MULTI-FUEL FURNACES ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION RECOMMENDATIONS MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS MULTI-FUEL FURNACE OPERATION TROUBLESHOOTING COAL, WOOD, AND MULTI-FUEL FURNACES ELECTRIC FURNACES ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY PLANNING SUGGESTIONS BASIC COMPONENTS HEATING ELEMENTS TIMING SEQUENCES SAFETY CONTROLS TEMPERATURE LIMIT CONTROLS SECONDARY HIGH-LIMIT CONTROL FURNACE FUSES CIRCUIT BREAKERS TRANSFORMER THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTOR MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FURNACE AIR FILTERS, ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS, AND HUMIDIFERS HEATING ELEMENTS AND HEATING CONTROL WIRING BLOWERS/FANS DUCTS THERMOSTATS FURNACES WITHOUT AIR CONDITIONERS TROUBLESHOOTING AN ELECTRIC FURNACE STEAM AND HOT-WATER SPACE HEATING BOILERS BOILER RATING METHOD BOILER HEATING SURFACE BOILER EFFICIENCY TYPES OF BOILERS GAS-FIRED BOILERS OILFIRED BOILERS COAL-FIRED BOILERS ELECTRIC BOILERS HIGH-EFFICIENCY BOILERS STEAM BOILER VALVES, CONTROLS, AND ACCESSORIES STEAM BOILER LOW-WATER CUTOFFS INSTALLING A LOW-WATER CUTOFF FUSIBLE PLUGS PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES PRESSURE CONTROLLERS VACUUM RELIEF VALVE STEAM BOILER AQUASTAT BLOWDOWN VALVE TRY COCKS STEAM BOILER INJECTORS WATER GAUGES WATER COLUMNS STEAM GAUGES STEAM GAUGE PIGTAILS HOT-WATER BOILER VALVES, CONTROLS, AND ACCESSORIES HOT-WATER BOILER LOW-WATER CUTOFFS HOT-WATER BOILER PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES HIGH-PRESSURE LIMIT SWITCH HOT-WATER BOILER AQUASTATS PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES COMBINATION VALVES BALANCING VALVE BACKFLOW PREVENTER ALTITUDE GAUGES CIRCULATOR (PUMP) AIR SEPARATOR PURGING AIR FROM THE SYSTEM INDUCED-DRAFT FANS CONTROLLING EXCESSIVE DRAFT (GAS-FIRED BOILERS) TANKLESS WATER HEATERS LEAKING COILS BLOWING DOWN A BOILER BOILER OPERATION, SERVICE, AND MAINTENANCE HOT-WATER (HYDRONIC) BOILERS BOILER WATER CLEANING BOILERS TROUBLESHOOTING BOILERS BOILER REPAIRS INSTALLING BOILERS BOILER AND FURNACE CONVERSION PREPARATION FOR CONVERSION BASIC COMBUSTION CHAMBER REQUIREMENTS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR CONVERSION GAS BURNERS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR CONVERSION OIL BURNERS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS BUILDING A COMBUSTION CHAMBER VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FLUE PIPE AND CHIMNEY BAFFLING GAS PIPING AND PIPING CONNECTIONS GAS INPUT SETTING INSTALLING A CONVERSION GAS BURNER STARTING A CONVERSION GAS BURNER (WITH PILOT LIGHT) STARTING A CONVERSION GAS BURNER (PILOTLESS) SERVICING A CONVERSION GAS BURNER OIL TANKS AND OIL PIPING INSTALLING A CONVERSION OIL BURNER STARTING A CONVERSION OIL BURNER SERVICING A CONVERSION OIL BURNER TROUBLESHOOTING OIL AND GAS CONVERSION BURNERS