ELEMENTS OF HEAT-POWER ENGINEERING
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Physical Properties of Fluids in Critical and Pseudocritical Regions 5 General 5 Parametric Trends 7 Chapter 3 Power-Plant “Steam” Generators Working at Supercritical Pressures: Review and Status 17 Russian Supercritical Units 17 Supercritical Units Designed in the USA 19 Recent Developments in Supercritical “Steam” Generators around the World 20 Chapter 4 Supercritical Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Concepts: Review and Status 23 General Considerations 23 Design Considerations 24 Supercritical Water-Cooled CANDU Nuclear Reactor Concept 33 Some Design Features of RDIPE Pressure-Channel SCWR 38 Heat-Transfer Optimization 40 Chapter 5 Experimental Heat Transfer to Water at Supercritical Pressures 45 Heat Transfer in Vertical Circular Tubes and Coils 45 Heat Transfer in Horizontal Test Sections 73 Heat Transfer in Annuli 76 Heat Transfer in Bundles 77 Free-Convection Heat Transfer 80 Final Remarks and Conclusions 80 Chapter 6 Experimental Heat Transfer to Carbon Dioxide at Supercritical Pressures 83 Forced-Convection Heat Transfer 83 Heat Transfer in Vertical Tubes 83 Heat Transfer in Horizontal Tubes and Other Flow Geometries 92 Free-Convection Heat Transfer 100 Final Remarks and Conclusions 104 Chapter 7 Experimental Heat Transfer to Helium at Supercritical Pressures 105 Forced-Convection Heat Transfer 105 Free-Convection Heat Transfer 108 Chapter 8 Experimental Heat Transfer to Other Fluids at Supercritical Pressures 109 Liquifi ed Gases 109 Alcohols 110 Hydrocarbons 111 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 111 Hydrocarbon Fuels and Coolants 112 Refrigerants 113 Special Fluids 115 Chapter 9 Heat-Transfer Enhancement at Supercritical Pressures 117 Conclusions 124 Chapter 10 Experimental Setups, Procedures and Data Reduction at Supercritical Pressures 127 IPPE Supercritical Water Test Facility 127 Loop and Water Supply 127 Test-Section Design 127 Instrumentation and Test Matrix 127 KPI Supercritical-Water Test Facility 130 Loop and Water Supply 130 Test Matrix 131 Test-Section Design 131 Instrumentation 132 Typical Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Facility and Practical Recommendations for Performing Experiments 133 Scaling Parameters 134 Loop and CO2 Supply 135 Test-Section Design 138 Instrumentation 140 Parameter 139 Uncertainties 139 Loop Control, Data Acquisition, and Processing 142 Quality Assurance 143 Conduct of Tests 143 Data Reduction 144 Chapter 11 Practical Prediction Methods for Heat Transfer at Supercritical Pressures 147 Water 147 Forced Convection 147 Comparison of Correlations 157 Correlations for Determining Starting Point of Deteriorated Heat Transfer 160 Preliminary Calculations of Heat Transfer at SCW CANDU Operating Conditions 163 Final Remarks and Conclusions 166 Carbon Dioxide 166 Forced Convection 166 Vertical Tubes 166 Horizontal Tubes 168 Free Convection 169 Helium 169 Forced Convection 169 Free Convection 171 Other Fluids 171 Forced Convection 171 Free Convection 172 Fluid-to-Fluid Modeling at Supercritical Conditions 172 Conclusions 174 Chapter 12 Hydraulic Resistance 175 General Correlation for Total Pressure Drop 175 Experiments on Hydraulic Resistance of Water at Supercritical Pressures 177 Experiments on Hydraulic Resistance of Carbon Dioxide at Supercritical Pressures 181 Practical Prediction Methods for Hydraulic Resistance at Supercritical Pressures 185 Tubes 185 Helically Finned Bundles 186 Conclusions 187 Chapter 13 Analytical Approaches for Estimating Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Resistance at Near-critical and Supercritical Pressures 189 General 189 Convection Heat Transfer 191 Laminar Flow 191 Turbulent Flow 193 Hydraulic Resistance 201 Chapter 14 Flow Stability at Near-Critical and Supercritical Pressures 203 Chapter 15 Other Problems Related to Supercritical Pressures 207 Deposits Formed Inside Tubes in Supercritical “Steam” Generators 207 Material Problems in Supercritical Water 208 Effect of Dissolved Gas on Heat Transfer 210