AUDELS ENGINEERS AND MECHANICS

By Q. CADAS

CONTENTS BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE ENGINEERING TERMS AND SYMBOLS UNITS PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CRITICAL PROPERTIES PROPERTIES OF WATER AT STANDARD CONDITIONS THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GASES (AT ROOM TEMPERATURE) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES COMPRESSIBLE-FLOW FUNCTIONS PROPERTIES OF AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND PROPERTIES OF WATER AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE THERMAL PROPERTIES PROPERTIES OF METALS MATERIAL PROPERTIES TRIGONOMETRY BASICS IDENTITIES MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES NOMENCLATURE PARABOLA ELLIPSE CIRCULAR SEGMENT PARALLELOGRAM REGULAR POLYGON WITH N EQUAL SIDES RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER PROPERTIES OF SHAPES RELATIONS OF MASS AND SPACE PERIODIC TABLE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS ECONOMIC FACTOR TABLES DEPRECIATION INTERPRETATION OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS ANSI AND ISO ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION STYLES SYMBOLS FOR DRAWINGS STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES PIPE AND TUBE DATA 1 10 ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS OF MOTORS EFFICIENCY POWER FACTOR FULL-LOAD CURRENT TORQUES SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR SPEEDS MOTOR PHASES BASIC CIRCUITS MACHINE DESIGN AND MATERIALS ELEMENTS OF MACHINE DESIGN METHODOLOGIES CYLINDRICAL FITS AND TOLERANCES I-P SYSTEM SI SYSTEM TABLES OF CYLINDRICAL FITS AND TOLERANCES QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL DISPERSION, MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE VALUES UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL TESTS FOR OUT OF CONTROL, FOR THREE-SIGMA CONTROL LIMITS NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING STATICS AND DYNAMICS FORCE RESULTANT (TWO DIMENSIONS) RESOLUTION OF A FORCE MOMENTS (COUPLES) SYSTEMS OF N FORCES FRICTION LAWS OF MOTION CONSTANT ACCELERATION CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION RELATIVE MOTION PLANE CIRCULAR MOTION NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS PROJECTILE MOTION NEWTON'S SECOND LAW (EQUATIONS OF MOTION) MOTION OF A RIGID BODY PRINCIPLES OF WORK AND ENERGY CONSERVATION OF ENERGY LAW KINETIC ENERGY POTENTIAL ENERGY WORK POWER AND EFFICIENCY LINEAR MOMENTUM ANGULAR MOMENTUM COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS INSTANTANEOUS CENTER OF ROTATION (INSTANT CENTERS) ATOMIC BONDING CORROSION ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITE MATERIALS MATERIAL HARDNESS IMPACT TEST RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROCESSING 2 10 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS STRAIN PERCENT ELONGATION PERCENT REDUCTION IN AREA (RA) SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN UNIAXIAL LOADING AND DEFORMATION THERMAL DEFORMATIONS PRINCIPAL STRESSES MOHR'S CIRCLE – STRESS, 2D HOOKE'S LAW STRAIN ENERGY STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL 2 11 STRESS ANALYSIS TORSION TORSIONAL STRAIN INTERFERENCE-FIT STRESSES ROTATING RINGS HOLLOW, THIN-WALLED SHAFTS BEAMS 2 12 INTERMEDIATE- AND LONG-LENGTH-COLUMN DETERMINATION INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS LONG COLUMNS 2 13 FAILURE THEORIES BRITTLE MATERIALS DUCTILE MATERIALS 2 14 VARIABLE LOADING FAILURE THEORIES 2 15 VIBRATION/DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FREE VIBRATION TORSIONAL VIBRATION VIBRATION TRANSMISSIBILITY, BASE MOTION VIBRATION – ROTATING UNBALANCE VIBRATION ABSORBER DUNKERLEY'S EQUATION VISCOUS DAMPING EQUIVALENT MASSES, SPRINGS, AND DAMPERS PENDULUM MOTION CONTENTS 2 16 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS SPRINGS BEARINGS POWER SCREWS POWER TRANSMISSION GEARS BELTS, PULLEYS, AND CHAIN DRIVES CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 2 17 WELDING 2 18 JOINTS AND FASTENERS BOLTS TENSION CONNECTIONS—THE EXTERNAL LOAD ADHESIVES AND BONDING 2 19 PRESSURE VESSELS CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DEFINITIONS HYDRAULICS, FLUIDS, AND PIPE FLOW DENSITY, SPECIFIC WEIGHT, AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY STRESS, PRESSURE, AND VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF A STATIC LIQUID PRESSURE FIELD IN A STATIC LIQUID FORCES ON SUBMERGED SURFACES AND THE CENTER OF PRESSURE ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE AND BUOYANCY PRINCIPLES OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW THE CONTINUITY EQUATION THE BERNOULLI EQUATION FLUID FLOW REYNOLDS NUMBER HEAD LOSS DUE TO FLOW WATER HAMMER PIPE BENDS, ENLARGEMENTS, AND CONTRACTIONS THE IMPULSE-MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE JET PROPULSION DEFLECTORS AND BLADES COMPRESSIBLE FLOW MACH NUMBER ISENTROPIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONSHIPS ADIABATIC FRICTIONAL FLOW IN CONSTANT AREA DUCTS FLUID FLOW MACHINERY HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC CYLINDER FORCES FORCE AND PRESSURE TO EXTEND CYLINDER FORCE AND PRESSURE TO RETRACT CYLINDER CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CHARACTERISTICS PUMP POWER EQUATION PUMP AFFINITY LAWS FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT THE PITOT TUBE PITOT-STATIC TUBES MANOMETERS VENTURI METERS ORIFICES SUBMERGED ORIFICE OPERATING UNDER STEADY-FLOW CONDITIONS ORIFICE DISCHARGING FREELY INTO ATMOSPHERE OPEN CHANNEL FLOW PROPERTIES OF GLYCOL/WATER SOLUTIONS PRESSURE DROP FOR GLYCOL SOLUTIONS PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS PROPERTIES FOR TWO-PHASE (VAPOR-LIQUID) SYSTEMS PVT BEHAVIOR FOR GASES IDEAL GAS IDEAL GAS MIXTURES COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR AND CHARTS EQUATIONS OF STATE (EOS) FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS CLOSED THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS OPEN THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW CLAUSIUS' STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW ENTROPY VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (VLE) PHASE RELATIONS THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES BASIC CYCLES COMMON THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES COMPRESSORS TURBINES HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION FOURIER'S LAW OF CONDUCTION THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY CONDUCTION THROUGH A UNIFORM MATERIAL CONDUCTION THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL WALL (HEAT LOSS THROUGH A PIPE) THERMAL RESISTANCE (R) COMPOSITE PLANE WALL TRANSIENT CONDUCTION USING THE LUMPED CAPACITANCE MODEL CONSTANT FLUID TEMPERATURE FINS CONVECTION TERMS NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING GRASHOF NUMBER EXTERNAL FLOW EXTERNAL FLOW: CYLINDER OF DIAMETER D IN CROSS FLOW EXTERNAL FLOW OVER A SPHERE OF DIAMETER D INTERNAL FLOW LAMINAR FLOW IN CIRCULAR TUBES TURBULENT FLOW IN CIRCULAR TUBES FILM TEMPERATURE OF A TUBE NATURAL (FREE) CONVECTION VERTICAL FLAT PLATE IN LARGE BODY OF STATIONARY FLUID LONG HORIZONTAL CYLINDER IN LARGE BODY OF STATIONARY FLUID HEAT EXCHANGERS RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR CONCENTRIC TUBE AND SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD) HEAT EXCHANGER EFFECTIVENESS, E NUMBER OF EXCHANGER TRANSFER UNITS (NTU) EFFECTIVENESS-NTU RELATIONS RADIATION TYPES OF BODIES EMISSIVITY OF VARIOUS SURFACES AND EFFECTIVE EMITTANCES OF FACING AIR SPACES SUMMATION RULE FOR N SURFACES NET ENERGY EXCHANGE BY RADIATION BETWEEN TWO BODIES NET ENERGY EXCHANGE BY RADIATION BETWEEN TWO BLACK BODIES NET ENERGY EXCHANGE BY RADIATION BETWEEN TWO DIFFUSE GRAY SURFACES THAT FORM AN ENCLOSURE ONE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY WITH THIN, LOW-EMISSIVITY SHIELD INSERTED BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL PLATES RERADIATING SURFACES STEAM STEAM POWER PLANTS FEEDWATER HEATERS STEAM TRAPS STEAM QUALITY AND VOLUME FRACTION FLASH STEAM FLOW RATE OF STEAM IN SCHEDULE 40 PIPE STEAM TABLES PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER AND STEAM (TEMPERATURE) - I-P UNITS PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER AND STEAM (PRESSURE) - I-P UNITS PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM - I-P UNITS PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER AND STEAM (TEMPERATURE) - SI UNITS PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER AND STEAM (PRESSURE) - SI UNITS PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM - SI UNITS PSYCHROMETRICS PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE CORRECTIONS FOR AIR PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF WATER REFRIGERATION COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION CYCLES THERMAL CYCLES SINGLE-EFFECT ABSORPTION CYCLE CONDENSERS WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS REFRIGERATION EVAPORATOR: TOP-FEED VERSUS BOTTOM-FEED LIQUID REFRIGERANT FLOW LIQUID OVERFEED SYSTEMS COMPARATIVE REFRIGERANT PERFORMANCE PER TON OF REFRIGERATION HALOCARBON REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS REFRIGERANT R-22 REFRIGERANT R-134A THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS REFRIGERANT SAFETY 8 10 REFRIGERATION PROPERTIES OF FOODS HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING HEATING AND COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS HUMAN COOLING LOADS HUMAN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC LIGHTING ELECTRIC MOTORS HEAT GAIN FROM KITCHEN EQUIPMENT HEAT GAIN CALCULATIONS USING STANDARD AIR AND WATER VALUES ELEVATION CORRECTIONS FOR TOTAL, SENSIBLE, AND LATENT HEAT EQUATIONS HEAT GAIN THROUGH INTERIOR SURFACES FENESTRATION THERMAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS U-FACTORS FOR FENESTRATION DESIGN U-FACTORS OF SWINGING DOORS PIPE AND DUCT INSULATION TYPICAL AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES MOIST-AIR SENSIBLE HEATING OR COOLING MOIST-AIR COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION ADIABATIC MIXING OF TWO MOIST AIRSTREAMS ADIABATIC MIXING OF WATER INJECTED INTO MOIST AIR (EVAPORATIVE COOLING) SPACE HEAT ABSORPTION AND MOIST-AIR MOISTURE GAINS DESICCANT DEHUMIDIFICATION HEAT-RECOVERY VENTILATOR (HRV) – SENSIBLE ENERGY RECOVERY ENERGY-RECOVERY VENTILATOR (ERV) HVAC SYSTEMS HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS AIR-HANDLING UNIT MIXED-AIR PLENUMS IN-ROOM TERMINAL SYSTEMS TRANSMISSION OF HEAT IN A SPACE CHILLED BEAM SYSTEMS DUCT DESIGN AIR DISTRIBUTION FANS COOLING TOWERS AND FLUID COOLERS HUMIDIFIERS EVAPORATIVE AIR-COOLING EQUIPMENT FILTRATION HEAT LOSSES FROM PIPES HEAT LOSS FROM BARE STEEL PIPE HEAT LOSS FROM BARE COPPER TUBING HEAT LOSS FROM PIPING TIME NEEDED TO FREEZE WATER DOMESTIC HOT-WATER RECIRCULATION LOOPS AND RETURN PIPING PIPE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION THERMAL EXPANSION OF METAL PIPE L-BENDS Z-BENDS U-BENDS AND PIPE LOOPS MECHANICAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION IN TERMS OF ENERGY PER UNIT MASS MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION IN TERMS OF ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION IN TERMS OF ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT INVOLVING HEADS ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL SOUND POWER MULTIPLE SOUND SOURCES SOUND RATING METHODS BACKGROUND NOISE VIBRATION CONTROL BUILDING ENERGY USAGE ENERGY UTILIZATION INDEX (EUI) COST UTILIZATION INDEX (CUI) 10 COMBUSTION AND FUELS 10 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 10 2 EXCESS AIR SUPPLIED TO ENSURE COMPLETE COMBUSTION 10 3 STOICHIOMETRIC COMBUSTION OF FUELS 10 4 HEATS OF REACTION 10 5 COMBUSTION PROCESSES COMBUSTION IN AIR INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION 10 6 AUTOMATIC FUEL-BURNING SYSTEMS 10 7 FLUE GAS CONDENSATION 11 TEMPERATURE CONTROLS 11 1 TERMINOLOGY 11 2 CONTROL SYSTEM TYPES 11 3 CONTROL VALVES CONTROL-VALVE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS VALVE AUTHORITY TWO-WAY CONTROL VALVES THREE-WAY CONTROL VALVES VALVE GAIN VALVE RANGEABILITY VALVE CAVITATION VALVE FLOW COEFFICIENT VALVE NORMAL POSITION 11 4 CONTROL DAMPERS DAMPER TYPES DAMPER AUTHORITY DAMPER NORMAL POSITION 11 5 SENSORS AND TRANSMITTERS 11 6 DIGITAL CONTROLLERS 11 7 ELECTRIC HEATERS 11 8 AIR-SIDE ECONOMIZER CYCLE ECONOMIZER HIGH-LIMIT CONTROLS 11 9 TERMINAL UNITS SINGLE-DUCT, CONSTANT VOLUME REHEAT SINGLE-DUCT, VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV) VARIABLE AIR VOLUME, DUAL-MAXIMUM SERIES FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT PARALLEL FAN-POWERED VAV TERMINAL UNIT 11 10 AIR HANDLING UNIT TYPICAL SINGLE-ZONE AIR HANDLING UNIT FT, WATER ATM, STD 1 013 × PASCAL (PA) BAR 1 × ATM BARREL–OIL KILOWATT-HR (KWH) BTU PASCAL SEC (PA S) CP POUND (LBM) HECTARE 1 × (FT-LBF)/MIN HP BTU HP-HR 1 98 × FT-LBF HP-HR 2 68 × KWH CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE ATM IN -LBF (TORQUE OR MOMENT) FT-LBF J NEWTON M (N M) J/S HP-HR KWH 3 6 × LBF N FT-LBF N M ATMOSPHERE (ATM) PA NEWTON/M2 (N/M2) PA SEC (PA S) PA RADIAN 180/? DEGREE REYN REYN M2/S THERM 1 × HORSEPOWER (HP) W UNITS THIS HANDBOOK USES THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS OF UNITS (SI) (METRIC) AND THE U S CUSTOMARY SYSTEM (IMPERIAL UNIT (IP) OR INCH-POUND (I-P)) IN THE IP SYSTEM OF UNITS, BOTH FORCE AND MASS ARE CALLED POUNDS THEREFORE, ONE MUST DISTINGUISH THE POUND-FORCE (LBF) FROM THE POUND-MASS (LBM) SEC LBF LBM F F G MA T C = = WHERE F IS IN LBF M IS IN LBM A IS IN SEC FT G 32 174 LBF SEC LBM FT C = - - CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE KINETIC ENERGY: WITH IN FT LBF KE G MV KE = POTENTIAL ENERGY: WITH IN FT LBF PE G MGH PE - C = FLUID PRESSURE: WITH IN FT LBF P G GH P C T = SPECIFIC WEIGHT: WITH IN FT LBF SW G G SW C T = SHEAR STRESS: WITH IN FT LBF G DY DV C DECI D DEKA DA HECTO H KILO K MEGA M GIGA G TERA T COMMONLY USED EQUIVALENTS 1 GALLON OF WATER = 8 34 LBM 1 CU FT OF WATER = 62 4 LBM 1 CU FT OF MERCURY = 844 9 LBM MASS OF 1 CU M OF WATER = 1,000 KG L MG = MGAL LB 8 M GAL LBM = 1 CFS OF WATER = 448 83 GPM 1 IN OF MERCURY = 0 491 PSI 1 IN OF MERCURY = 70 7 PSF 1 IN OF WATER = 5 199 PSF 1 IN OF WATER = 0 0735 IN OF MERCURY (HG) 1 PSI = 27 7 IN OF WATER (H2O) CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS °F = 1 8 (°C) + °C = / 32 1 STANDARD DRY AIR CONDITIONS AT SEA LEVEL DENSITY = FT LB DRY AIR 0 SPECIFIC VOLUME = LB DRY AIR FT 13 TEMPERATURE = 69°F PRESSURE = 14 696 PSI (1 ATM) FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS CONSTANT SYMBOL SI I-P (USCS) ELECTRON CHARGE E 1 6022 × 10–19 C FARADAY CONSTANT F 96,485 MOL C STANDARD GRAVITY ACCELERATION G S M 9 SEC FT 32 MOLAR VOLUME OF IDEAL GAS (STP) VM , KMOL L 22 LB MOLE FT SPEED OF LIGHT IN VACUUM C S M 2 # , SEC MILES 186 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN CONSTANT S M K W 5 # : ? FT HR R BTU 0 # ? SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANTS UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (IDEAL GAS) R , MOL K L ATM KMOL K J KMOL K KPA M 0 , ° LB MOLE R FT LBF 1 AIR RAIR KG K KJ 0 ° LBM R FT LBF 53 HYDROGEN RH KG K KJ 4 ° LBM R FT LBF 766 CARBON DIOXIDE RCO KG K KJ 0 ° LBM R FT LBF 35 HELIUM RHE KG K KJ 2 ° LBM R FT LBF 386 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE PROPERTIES OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PROPERTIES OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE R ? M TEMPERATURE DENSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY °F FT LBM WATER PROPERTIES OF WATER AT STANDARD CONDITIONS SPECIFIC HEAT, CP: IN I-P UNITS: ° ° LB F TU AT F B IN SI UNITS: ° KG K KJ AT C 4 DENSITY AT STANDARD CONDITIONS: , 1 M KG FT LBM = SPECIFIC WEIGHT AT STANDARD CONDITIONS: , , 9 M N M S KG FT LBF = = CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GASES (AT ROOM TEMPERATURE) GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT R CP CV K ° LBM R FT LBF - - KG K KJ : ° LB R BTU - KG K KJ : ° LB R BTU - KG K KJ : AIR ARGON BUTANE CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE ETHANE HELIUM HYDROGEN METHANE NEON NITROGEN OCTANE VAPOR OXYGEN PROPANE STEAM CARBON TETRACHLORIDE SAE 10 OIL GLYCERIN SAE 30 OIL CRUDE OIL (SG 0 86) KEROSINE MERCURY WATER ETHYL ALCOHOL BENZENE GASOLINE (SG 0 68) HELIUM CARBON DIOXIDE HYDROGEN AIR AND OXYGEN SAE 10 OIL GLYCERIN SAE 30 OIL CRUDE OIL (SG 0 86) KEROSINE MERCURY WATER ETHYL ALCOHOL BENZENE GASOLINE (SG 0 68) HELIUM TEMPERATURE, °C KINEMATIC VISCOSITY ?, M2/S CARBON DIOXIDE HYDROGEN AIR AND OXYGEN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE SOURCE: WHITE, FRANK M , FLUID MECHANICS, 3RD ED , NEW YORK: MCGRAW-HILL, 1994 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE SAE J300 (1999) MOTOR OIL GRADES – HIGH TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATIONS GRADE DESIGNATION KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (CST) LOW SHEAR RATE AT 100 °C DYNAMIC VISCOSITY (MPA S) HIGH SHEAR RATE AT 150 °C >2 9* >3 7** SOURCE FOR ABOVE TWO TABLES: SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE), SAE J300 ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION, DECEMBER 1999 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE OIL VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART U S CUSTOMARY UNITS TEMPERATURE, °F ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY, µREYN SAE SOURCE: RAIMONDI, A A , AND JOHN BOYD, LUBRICATION AND SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, "A SOLUTION FOR THE FINITE JOURNAL BEARING AND ITS APPLICATION TO ANALYSIS AND DESIGN,” PARTS I, II, AND III, VOL 1, NO 1, NEW YORK: PERGAMON, 1958 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE OIL VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART SI UNITS TEMPERATURE, °C ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY, MPA S SOURCE: REPORT 1135: EQUATIONS, TABLES, AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, AMES RESEARCH STAFF, AMES AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, MOFFETT FIELD, CALIF , 1953 HTTPS://WWW NASA GOV/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/734673MAIN_EQUATIONS-TABLES-CHARTS-COMPRESSIBLEFLOW-REPORT-1135 PDF WHERE M = LOCAL MACH NUMBER OR MACH NUMBER UPSTREAM OF A NORMAL SHOCK WAVE T T O = RATIO OF STATIC TEMPERATURE TO TOTAL TEMPERATURE P P O = RATIO OF STATIC PRESSURE TO TOTAL PRESSURE O R R = RATIO OF STATIC DENSITY TO TOTAL DENSITY A A * = RATIO OF LOCAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF AN ISENTROPIC STREAM TUBE TO CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AT THE POINT WHERE M = ? ? CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE ? ? SOURCE: NACA TECHNICAL REPORT 1135: EQUATIONS, TABLES AND CHARTS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, NACA-TR-1135, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS, AMES AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, MOFFETT FIELD, CA, UNITED STATES , 1953, WWW NTRS NASA GOV CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE = TOTAL TEMPERATURE DOWNSTREAM OF A NORMAL SHOCK WAVE CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE M FL*/D P/P* T/T* ?*/? = V/V* PO/PO* = ? O/?O* CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE M FL*/D P/P* T/T* ?*/? = V/V* PO/PO* = ? O/?O* SOURCE: WHITE, FRANK M , FLUID MECHANICS, 2ND ED , MCGRAW-HILL, 1986 WHERE F = AVERAGE FRICTION FACTOR BETWEEN L = 0 AND L* L* = DUCT LENGTH REQUIRED TO DEVELOP A FLOW FROM A MACH NUMBER TO THE SONIC POINT P*, ?*, T*, , P * * O O T ARE THE SONIC PROPERTIES CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE PROPERTIES OF AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND T, T, C P C V K = CP/CV GMAX/PI ? X ? PR = °R °F BTU/(LB-F) BTU/(LB-F) FT/SEC (LBM/SEC-FT2)/(LBF/IN2) LBM/SEC-FT BTU/(HR-FT-F) 3600CP?/? SPEED OF SOUND A VISCOSITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PRANDTL NUMBER CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE T, T, H PR U VR ? T, T, H PR U VR ? °R °F BTU/LB REL PRESS BTU/LB REL VOL BTU/LB-°R °R °F BTU/LB REL PRESS BTU/LB REL VOL BTU/LB-°R 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE T, T, H PR U VR ? T, T, H PR U VR ? °R °F BTU/LB REL PRESS BTU/LB REL VOL BTU/LB-°R °R °F BTU/LB REL PRESS BTU/LB REL VOL BTU/LB-°R 1680 2340 1690 2350 1700 2360 1710 2370 1720 2380 1730 2390 1740 2400 1750 2410 1760 2420 1770 2430 1780 2440 1790 2450 1800 2460 1810 2470 1820 2480 1830 2490 1840 2500 1850 2550 1860 2600 1870 2650 1880 2700 1890 2750 1900 2800 1910 2850 1920 2900 1930 2950 1940 3000 1950 3050 1960 3100 1970 3150 1980 3200 1990 3250 2000 3300 2010 3350 2020 3400 2030 3450 2040 3500 2050 3550 2060 3600 2070 3650 2080 3700 2090 3750 2100 3800 2110 3850 2120 3900 2130 3950 2140 4000 2150 4050 2160 4100 2170 4150 2180 4200 2190 4250 2200 4300 2210 4350 2220 4400 2230 4450 2240 4500 2250 4550 2260 4600 2270 4650 2280 4700 2290 4750 2300 4800 2310 4850 2320 4900 2330 4950 5000 AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND AIR AT LOW PRESSURE, PER POUND SOURCE: KEENAN, JOSEPH H AND KAYE, JOSEPH, GAS TABLES: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR, PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION AND COMPONENT GASES, COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FUNCTIONS, JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 1980 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE PROPERTIES OF WATER AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PROPERTIES OF WATER* (SI UNITS) TEMPERATURE (°C) SPECIFIC WEIGHT** G M KN D N DENSITY** R M KG C M VAPOR PRESSURE*** PV (KPA) * COMPILED FROM MANY SOURCES, INCLUDING: HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 54TH ED , THE CRC PRESS, 1973, AND HANDBOOK OF TABLES FOR APPLIED ENGINEERING SCIENCE, THE CHEMICAL RUBBER CO , 1970 ** FROM "HYDRAULIC MODELS," ASCE MANUAL OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE, NO 25, ASCE, 1942 *** FROM KEENAN, J H , AND F G KEYES, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF STEAM, NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, 1936 SOURCE: VENNARD, JOHN K , AND ROBERT L STREET ELEMENTARY FLUID MECHANICS, NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, 1982 REPRODUCED WITH PERMISSION OF JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE PROPERTIES OF WATER* (I-P UNITS) TEMPERATURE (°F) SPECIFIC WEIGHT** G FT LBF D N DENSITY** R SEC FT LBF E O ABSOLUTE DYNAMIC VISCOSITY** M SEC FT LBF # ? KINEMATIC VISCOSITY** ? SEC FT 10 # ? VAPOR PRESSURE*** PV (PSI) 1 2 10 THERMAL PROPERTIES THE THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT IS THE RATIO OF ENGINEERING STRAIN TO THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE: T A E D = WHERE A = THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT E = ENGINEERING STRAIN DT = CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC HEAT (ALSO CALLED HEAT CAPACITY) IS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF A MATERIAL OR AN AMOUNT OF MATERIAL BY 1 DEGREE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE, THE AMOUNT OF HEAT (Q) REQUIRED TO INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF A MATERIAL BY DT IS CPDT, WHERE CP IS THE CONSTANT-PRESSURE HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT VOLUME, THE AMOUNT OF HEAT (Q) REQUIRED TO INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF A MATERIAL BY DT IS CVDT, WHERE CV IS THE CONSTANT-VOLUME HEAT CAPACITY AN OBJECT CAN HAVE A HEAT CAPACITY THAT WOULD BE EXPRESSED AS REE DEG ENERGY THE HEAT CAPACITY OF A MATERIAL CAN BE REPORTED AS REE DEG ENERGY PER UNIT MASS OR PER UNIT VOLUME 1 2 11 PROPERTIES OF METALS PROPERTIES OF METALS - I-P UNITS METAL SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT DENSITY FT LB CHROMIUM CR PROPERTIES OF METALS - I-P UNITS (CONT'D) METAL SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT DENSITY FT LB PROPERTIES OF METALS - SI UNITS METAL SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT DENSITY M KG SUBL PROPERTIES OF METALS - SI UNITS (CONT'D) METAL SYMBOL ATOMIC WEIGHT DENSITY M KG ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, ? [10?6/ºF (10?6/ºC)] 6 5 (11 7) 13 1 (23 6) 6 7 (12 1) 1 7 (3 0) 10 4 (18 7) 9 3 (16 6) 10 0 (18 0) 14 (25) 5 0 (9 0) 38 9 (70 0) 28 0 (50 4) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DENSITY, ? [LB/IN3 (MG/M3)] 0 282 (7 8) 0 098 (2 7) 0 246?0 282 (6 8?7 8) ? 0 303?0 313 (8 4?8 7) 0 322 (8 9) 0 278?0 314 (7 7?8 7) 0 061 (1 7) 0 090 (2 5) 0 038 (1 05) 0 047 (1 3) 0 141 (3 9) 0 047 (1 3) 0 083 (2 3) 0 069 (1 9) 0 108 (3 0) 0 083 (2 3) 0 116 (3 2) SOURCE: HIBBELER, R C , MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 4TH ED , NEW YORK: PEARSON, 2000 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE AVERAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALSA - I-P UNITS MATERIALS SPECIFIC WEIGHT ? IN LB MODULUS OF ELASTICITY E (103 KSI) MODULUS OF RIGIDITY G (103 KSI) YIELD STRENGTH (KSI) SY ULTIMATE STRENGTH (KSI) SU % ELONGA- TION IN 2-IN SPECIMEN POISSON'S RATIO V COEF OF THERM EXPANSION A F 10 CAST IRON ALLOYS GRAY ASTM STAINLESS PLASTIC, REINFORCED KEVLAR – – – – 0 36C 5 18D 0 97D – 0 31C – A SPECIFIC VALUES MAY VARY FOR A PARTICULAR MATERIAL DUE TO ALLOY OR MINERAL COMPOSITION, MECHANICAL WORKING OF THE SPECIMEN, OR HEAT TREATMENT B THE YIELD STRENGTH AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH FOR DUCTILE MATERIALS CAN BE ASSUMED EQUAL FOR BOTH TENSION AND COMPRESSION C MEASURED PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN D MEASURED PARALLEL TO THE GRAIN E DEFORMATION MEASURED PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN WHEN THE LOAD IS APPLIED ALONG THE GRAIN SOURCE: HIBBELER, R C , MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 4TH ED , NEW YORK: PEARSON, 2000 CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE BASICS TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED USING A RIGHT TRIANGLE: , , , SIN COS TAN COT CSC SEC R Y R X X Y Y X Y R X R I I I I I I = = = = = = R ? X Y LAW OF SINES: SIN SIN SIN A A B B C C = = B A C B A C LAW OF COSINES: COS COS COS A B C BC A B A C AC B C A B AB C IDENTITIES COS ? = SIN (? + ?/2) = –SIN (? – ?/2) SIN ? = COS (? – ?/2) = –COS (? + ?/2) CSC ? = SIN I SEC ? = COS I TAN ? = COS SIN I I COT ? = TAN I SIN2 ? + COS2 ?= TAN2 ? + 1 = SEC2 ? COT2 ? + 1 = CSC2 ? SIN (? + ?) = SIN ? COS ? + COS ? SIN ? COS (? + ?) = COS ? COS ? – SIN ? SIN ? SIN 2? = 2 SIN ? COS ? COS 2? = COS2 ? – SIN2 ? = 1 – 2 SIN2 ? = 2 COS2 ? – TAN 2? = TAN TAN 2A A ? COT 2? = COT COT A A ? TAN (? + ?) = TAN TAN TAN TAN A B A B ? + COT (? + ?) = COT COT COT COT A B A B + ? SIN (? – ?) = SIN ? COS ? – COS ? SIN ? COS (? – ?) = COS ? COS ? + SIN ? SIN ? TAN (? – ?) = TAN TAN TAN TAN A B A B + ? COT (? – ?) = COT COT COT COT B A A B ? + SIN A = COS ! A ? COS ! A + TAN A = COS COS ! A A + ? COT ! A A ? + SIN ? SIN ? = 1 [COS (? – ?) – COS (? + ?)] COS ? COS ? = 1 [COS (? – ?) + COS (? + ?)] SIN ? COS ? = 1 [SIN (? + ?) + SIN (? – ?)] SIN ? + SIN ? = 2 SIN [ 1 (? + ?)] COS [ 1 (? – ?)] SIN ? – SIN ? = 2 COS [ 1 (? + ?)] SIN [ 1 (? – ?)] COS ? + COS ? = 2 COS [ 1 (? – ?)] COS ? – COS ? = – 2 SIN [ 1 (? – ?)] CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE ELLIPSE A B A = ?AB (H, K) X' Y' P A B APPROX CIRCULAR SEGMENT SIN ARCCOS A R R S R R D 2 Z Z Z = ? = = ? _ _ I I D R S A CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE SPHERE / V R D A R D COS COS SIN P A B D A B AB D A B AB D D A B A AH AB REGULAR POLYGON WITH N EQUAL SIDES S R TAN N N N N P NS S R A NSR RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER D H R V R H D H A R H R R R R = = = + _ I CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE PROPERTIES OF SHAPES 1 4 8 1 CENTROIDS OF MASSES, AREAS, LENGTHS, AND VOLUMES THE FOLLOWING FORMULAS ARE FOR DISCRETE MASSES, AREAS, LENGTHS, AND VOLUMES: M M R R C N N N R R = WHERE MN = THE MASS OF EACH PARTICLE MAKING UP THE SYSTEM RN = THE RADIUS VECTOR TO EACH PARTICLE FROM A SELECTED REFERENCE POINT RC = THE RADIUS VECTOR TO THE CENTROID OF THE TOTAL MASS FROM THE SELECTED REFERENCE POINT THE MOMENT OF AREA (MA) IS DEFINED AS MAY = ? XN AN MAX = ? YN AN WHERE AN = AREA OF NTH ELEMENT XN = DISTANCE FROM X AXIS TO CENTROID OF AREA AN YN = DISTANCE FROM Y AXIS TO CENTROID OF AREA AN THE CENTROID OF AREA IS DEFINED AS X A M X A A AC AY N N R = = Y A M Y A A AC AX N N R = = WHERE A = S AN 1 4 8 2 MOMENT OF INERTIA THE MOMENT OF INERTIA, OR THE SECOND MOMENT OF AREA, IS DEFINED AS I X DA I Y DA Y X = = # # THE POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA J OF AN AREA ABOUT A POINT IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF THE AREA ABOUT ANY TWO PERPENDICULAR AXES IN THE AREA AND PASSING THROUGH THE SAME POINT: I J I I X Y DA R A Z Y X P = = + = + = ` J # WHERE RP = THE RADIUS OF GYRATION, AS DEFINED BELOW CHAPTER 1: BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICE 1 4 8 3 MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA IN GENERAL, I R DM = # THE DEFINITIONS FOR THE MASS MOMENTS OF INERTIA ABOUT THE COORDINATE AXES ARE I Y Z DM I X Z DM I X Y DM X Y Z WHERE INEW = MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT ANY SPECIFIED AXIS IG = MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT AN AXIS THAT IS PARALLEL TO THE ABOVE SPECIFIED AXIS BUT PASSES THROUGH THE BODY'S MASS CENTER M = MASS OF THE BODY D = NORMAL DISTANCE FROM THE BODY'S MASS CENTER TO THE ABOVE-SPECIFIED AXIS 1 4 8 4 MOMENT OF INERTIA PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM X Y I I D A I I D A X Y X Y C C = + = + L L WHERE DX, DY = DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO AXES IN QUESTION , I I X Y C C = THE MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE CENTROIDAL AXIS X Y , I I L L = THE MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEW AXIS 1 4 8 5 RADIUS OF GYRATION THE RADIUS OF GYRATION RP, RX, RY IS THE DISTANCE FROM A REFERENCE AXIS AT WHICH ALL THE AREA CAN BE CONSIDERED CONCENTRATED TO PRODUCE THE MOMENT OF INERTIA ;