ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
CONTENTS THE FIRST LAW TERMINOLOGY, CLOSED SYSTEMS, WORK TRANSFER, HEAT TRANSFER, ENERGY CHANGE, OPEN SYSTEMS, HISTORY, REFERENCES, PROBLEMS, THE SECOND LAW CYCLE IN CONTACT WITH ONE TEMPERATURE RESERVOIR, CYCLE IN CONTACT WITH TWO TEMPERATURE RESERVOIRS, CYCLE IN CONTACT WITH ANY NUMBER OF TEMPERATURE RESERVOIRS, PROCESS IN CONTACT WITH ANY NUMBER OF TEMPERATURE RESERVOIRS, LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM, ENTROPY MAXIMUM AND ENERGY MINIMUM, CARATHÉODORY’S TWO AXIOMS, A HEAT TRANSFER MAN’S TWO AXIOMS, ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION LOST AVAILABLE WORK, CYCLES, HEAT ENGINE CYCLES, REFRIGERATION CYCLES, HEAT PUMP CYCLES, NONFLOW PROCESSES, STEADY-FLOW PROCESSES, MECHANISMS OF ENTROPY GENERATION, HEAT TRANSFER ACROSS A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE, FLOW WITH FRICTION, MIXING, ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION, THE METHOD, TREE-SHAPED FLUID FLOW, ENTROPY GENERATION NUMBER, SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS SIMPLE SYSTEM, EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS, THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATION, ENERGY REPRESENTATION, ENTROPY REPRESENTATION, EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES VERSUS INTENSIVE PROPERTIES, THE EULER EQUATION, THE GIBBS–DUHEM RELATION, LEGENDRE TRANSFORMS, RELATIONS BETWEEN THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, MAXWELL’S RELATIONS, RELATIONS MEASURED DURING SPECIAL PROCESSES, BRIDGMAN’S TABLE, JACOBIANS IN THERMODYNAMICS, PARTIAL MOLAL PROPERTIES, IDEAL GAS MIXTURES, REAL GAS MIXTURES, EXERGY ANALYSIS NONFLOW SYSTEMS, FLOW SYSTEMS, GENERALIZED EXERGY ANALYSIS, AIR CONDITIONING, MIXTURES OF AIR AND WATER VAPOR, TOTAL FLOW EXERGY OF HUMID AIR, TOTAL FLOW EXERGY OF LIQUID WATER, EVAPORATIVE COOLING, MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS THE ENERGY MINIMUM PRINCIPLE, THE ENERGY MINIMUM, THE ENTHALPY MINIMUM, THE HELMHOLTZ FREE-ENERGY MINIMUM, THE GIBBS FREE-ENERGY MINIMUM, THE STAR DIAGRAM, THE STABILITY OF A SIMPLE SYSTEM, THERMAL STABILITY, MECHANICAL STABILITY, CHEMICAL STABILITY, THE CONTINUITY OF THE VAPOR AND LIQUID STATES, THE ANDREWS DIAGRAM AND J THOMSON’S THEORY, THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION OF STATE, MAXWELL’S EQUAL-AREA RULE, THE CLAPEYRON RELATION, PHASE DIAGRAMS, THE GIBBS PHASE RULE, SINGLE-COMPONENT SUBSTANCES, TWO-COMPONENT MIXTURES, CORRESPONDING STATES, COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, ANALYTICAL P(V, T) EQUATIONS OF STATE, CALCULATION OF PROPERTIES BASED ON P(V, T) AND SPECIFIC HEAT, SATURATED LIQUID AND SATURATED VAPOR STATES, METASTABLE STATES, CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, AFFINITY, LE CHATELIER–BRAUN PRINCIPLE, IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS, STEADY-FLOW COMBUSTION, COMBUSTION STOICHIOMETRY, THE FIRST LAW, THE SECOND LAW, MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT, THE CHEMICAL EXERGY OF FUELS, COMBUSTION AT CONSTANT VOLUME, MAXIMUM WORK OUTPUT, POWER GENERATION MAXIMUM POWER SUBJECT TO SIZE CONSTRAINT, MAXIMUM POWER FROM A HOT STREAM, EXTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES, INTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES, HEATER, EXPANDER, COOLER, PUMP, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES, ADVANCED STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANTS, SUPERHEATER, REHEATER, AND PARTIAL CONDENSER VACUUM, REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING, COMBINED FEED HEATING AND REHEATING, ADVANCED GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL IRREVERSIBILITIES, REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER, REHEATERS, AND INTERCOOLERS, COOLED TURBINES, COMBINED STEAM TURBINE AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS, SOLAR POWER THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THERMAL RADIATION, PHOTONS, TEMPERATURE, ENERGY, PRESSURE, ENTROPY, REVERSIBLE PROCESSES, REVERSIBLE AND ADIABATIC EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION, REVERSIBLE AND ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION, CARNOT CYCLE, IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES, ADIABATIC FREE EXPANSION, TRANSFORMATION OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION INTO BLACKBODY RADIATION, SCATTERING, NET RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER, KIRCHHOFF’S LAW, THE IDEAL CONVERSION OF ENCLOSED BLACKBODY RADIATION, PETELA’S THEORY, UNIFYING THEORY, MAXIMIZATION OF POWER OUTPUT PER UNIT COLLECTOR AREA, IDEAL CONCENTRATORS, OMNICOLOR SERIES OF IDEAL CONCENTRATORS, UNCONCENTRATED SOLAR RADIATION, CONVECTIVELY COOLED COLLECTORS, LINEAR CONVECTIVE HEAT LOSS MODEL, EFFECT OF COLLECTOR–ENGINE HEAT EXCHANGER IRREVERSIBILITY, COMBINED CONVECTIVE AND RADIATIVE HEAT LOSS, EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR POWER PLANT, CLIMATE, SELF-PUMPING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, REFRIGERATION 10 1 JOULE–THOMSON EXPANSION, 10 2 WORK-PRODUCING EXPANSION, 10 3 BRAYTON CYCLE, 10 4 INTERMEDIATE COOLING, 10 4 1 COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGER, 10 4 2 BIOHEAT TRANSFER, 10 4 3 DISTRIBUTION OF EXPANDERS, 10 4 4 INSULATION, 10 5 LIQUEFACTION, 10 5 1 LIQUEFIERS VERSUS REFRIGERATORS, 10 5 2 HEYLANDT NITROGEN LIQUEFIER, 10 5 3 EFFICIENCY OF LIQUEFIERS AND REFRIGERATORS, 10 6 REFRIGERATOR MODELS WITH INTERNAL HEAT LEAK, 10 6 1 HEAT LEAK IN PARALLEL WITH REVERSIBLE COMPARTMENT, 10 6 2 TIME-DEPENDENT OPERATION, 10 7 MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION, 10 7 1 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS, 10 7 2 ADIABATIC DEMAGNETIZATION, 10 7 3 PARAMAGNETIC THERMOMETRY, 10 7 4 THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 11 1 COMPETING IRREVERSIBILITIES, 11 1 1 INTERNAL FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER, 11 1 2 HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION, 11 1 3 EXTERNAL FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER, 11 1 4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN GENERAL, 11 2 BALANCED COUNTERFLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS, 11 2 1 THE IDEAL LIMIT, 11 2 2 AREA CONSTRAINT, 11 2 3 VOLUME CONSTRAINT, 11 2 4 COMBINED AREA AND VOLUME CONSTRAINT, 11 2 5 NEGLIGIBLE PRESSURE DROP IRREVERSIBILITY, 11 2 6 THE STRUCTURE OF HEAT EXCHANGER IRREVERSIBILITY, 11 3 STORAGE SYSTEMS, 11 3 1 SENSIBLE-HEAT STORAGE, 11 3 2 STORAGE TIME INTERVAL, 11 3 3 HEAT EXCHANGER SIZE, 11 3 4 STORAGE FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF EXERGY, 11 3 5 HEATING AND COOLING SUBJECT TO TIME CONSTRAINT, 11 3 6 LATENT-HEAT STORAGE, 11 4 POWER MAXIMIZATION OR ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION, 11 4 1 HEAT TRANSFER IRREVERSIBLE POWER PLANT MODELS, 11 4 2 MINIMUM ENTROPY GENERATION RATE, 11 4 3 FLUID FLOW SYSTEMS, 11 4 4 ELECTRICAL MACHINES, 11 5 FROM ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION TO CONSTRUCTAL LAW, 11 5 1 THE GENERATION-OF-CONFIGURATION PHENOMENON, 11 5 2 ORGAN SIZE, IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS 12 1 CONJUGATE FLUXES AND FORCES, 12 2 LINEARIZED RELATIONS, 12 3 RECIPROCITY RELATIONS, 12 4 THERMOELECTRIC PHENOMENA, 12 4 1 FORMULATIONS, 12 4 2 THE PELTIER EFFECT, 12 4 3 THE SEEBECK EFFECT, 12 4 4 THE THOMSON EFFECT, 12 4 5 POWER GENERATION, 12 4 6 REFRIGERATION, 12 5 HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA, 12 5 1 FORMULATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS, 12 5 2 PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS AND CONDUCTIVITIES, 12 5 3 THE CONCENTRATED HEAT SOURCE EXPERIMENT, 12 5 4 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION, 12 6 MASS DIFFUSION, 12 6 1 NONISOTHERMAL DIFFUSION OF A SINGLE COMPONENT, 12 6 2 NONISOTHERMAL BINARY MIXTURES, 12 6 3 ISOTHERMAL DIFFUSION, THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW 13 1 EVOLUTION, 13 2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW, 13 2 1 PROPERTIES OF FLOW SYSTEMS WITH CONFIGURATION, 13 2 2 EVOLUTION BY INCREASING GLOBAL PERFORMANCE, 13 2 3 EVOLUTION BY INCREASING COMPACTNESS, 13 2 4 EVOLUTION BY INCREASING FLOW TERRITORY, 13 2 5 FREEDOM IS GOOD FOR EVOLUTION AND SURVIVAL (PERSISTENCE), 13 3 INANIMATE FLOW SYSTEMS, 13 3 1 DUCT CROSS SECTIONS, 13 3 2 OPEN-CHANNEL CROSS SECTIONS, 13 3 3 TREE-SHAPED FLUID FLOW AND RIVER BASINS, 13 3 4 TURBULENT FLOW STRUCTURE, 13 3 5 COALESCENCE OF FLOWING SOLID PACKETS, 13 3 6 CRACKS, SPLASHES, AND SPLATS, 13 3 7 DENDRITIC SOLIDIFICATION, 13 3 8 GLOBAL CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE, 13 4 ANIMATE FLOW SYSTEMS, 13 4 1 BODY HEAT LOSS, 13 4 2 BRANCHES, DIAMETERS, AND LENGTHS, 13 4 3 BREATHING AND HEARTBEATING, 13 4 4 FLYING, RUNNING, AND SWIMMING, 13 4 5 LIFE SPAN AND LIFE TRAVEL, 13 4 6 ATHLETICS EVOLUTION, 13 5 SIZE AND EFFICIENCY: ECONOMIES OF SCALE, 13 6 GROWTH, SPREADING, AND COLLECTING, 13 7 ASYMMETRY AND VASCULARIZATION,