ENGINEERING AND DESIGN LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
I TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBJECT PARAGRAPH PAGE CHAPTER INTRODUCTION PURPOSE 1-1 1-1 APPLICABILITY 1-2 1-1 REFERENCES 1-3 1-1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 1-4 1-1 SCOPE 1-5 1-2 CHAPTER LUBRICATION PRINCIPLES FRICTION 2-1 2-1 WEAR 2-2 2-4 LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS 2-3 2-6 HYDRODYNAMIC OR FLUID FILM LUBRICATION 2-4 2-6 BOUNDARY LUBRICATION 2-5 2-8 EXTREME PRESSURE (EP) LUBRICATION 2-6 2-9 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC (EHD) LUBRICATION 2-7 2-9 CHAPTER LUBRICATING OILS OIL REFINING 3-1 3-1 TYPES OF OIL 3-2 3-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICATING OILS 3-3 3-4 OIL CLASSIFICATIONS AND GRADING SYSTEMS 3-4 3-7 CHAPTER HYDRAULIC FLUIDS PURPOSE OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-1 4-1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4-2 4-1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 4-3 4-2 USE OF ADDITIVES 4-4 4-4 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 4-5 4-4 CLEANLINESS REQUIREMENTS 4-6 4-6 II CHAPTER GREASE DESCRIPTION 5-1 5-1 FUNCTION 5-2 5-1 GREASE CHARACTERISTICS 5-3 5-2 FLUID LUBRICANTS 5-4 5-5 SOAP THICKENERS 5-5 5-5 COMPLEX SOAP 5-6 5-6 ADDITIVES 5-7 5-6 TYPES OF GREASES 5-8 5-6 COMPATIBILITY 5-9 5-8 GREASE APPLICATION GUIDE 5-10 5-8 CHAPTER NONFLUID LUBRICATION SOLID LUBRICATION 6-1 6-1 SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS 6-2 6-6 SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS FOR OLMSTED WICKET GATES PROTOTYPE TESTS 6-3 6-7 CHAPTER LUBRICANT ADDITIVES GENERAL 7-1 7-1 SURFACE ADDITIVES 7-2 7-1 PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING ADDITIVES 7-3 7-3 LUBRICANT PROTECTIVE ADDITIVES 7-4 7-3 PRECAUTIONS 7-5 7-4 CHAPTER ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS GENERAL 8-1 8-1 DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE (EA) LUBRICANTS 8-2 8-1 BIODEGRADATION 8-3 8-2 TOXICITY 8-4 8-3 EA BASE FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES 8-5 8-3 PROPERTIES OF AVAILABLE EA PRODUCTS 8-6 8-6 ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE GUIDELINES 8-7 8-8 CHANGING FROM CONVENTIONAL TO EA LUBRICANTS 8-8 8-8 SURVEY OF CORPS USERS 8-9 8-9 USACE CONTACTS 8-10 8-10 CHAPTER GEARS GENERAL 9-1 9-1 GEAR TYPES 9-2 9-1 GEAR WEAR AND FAILURE 9-3 9-2 GEAR LUBRICATION 9-4 9-6 III CHAPTER BEARINGS GENERAL 10-1 10-1 PLAIN BEARINGS 10-2 10-1 ROLLING-CONTACT BEARINGS 10-3 10-6 CALCULATION OF BEARING LUBRICATION INTERVAL 10-4 10-12 CHAPTER LUBRICATION APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 11-1 11-1 TURBINES, GENERATORS, GOVERNORS, AND TRANSFORMERS 11-2 11-1 MAIN PUMPS AND MOTORS 11-3 11-5 GEARS, GEAR DRIVES, AND SPEED REDUCERS 11-4 11-6 COUPLINGS 11-5 11-8 HOISTS AND CRANES 11-6 11-9 WIRE ROPE LUBRICATION 11-7 11-10 CHAIN LUBRICATION 11-8 11-14 TRASHRAKE SYSTEMS AND TRAVELING WATER SCREENS 11-9 11-17 GATES AND VALVES 11-10 11-17 NAVIGATION LOCK GATES, CULVERT VALVES, AND DAM GATES 11-11 11-24 INFORMATION SOURCES FOR LUBRICANTS 11-12 11-26 CHAPTER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS INTRODUCTION 12-1 12-1 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES 12-2 12-1 RELATIVE COST OF LUBRICANTS 12-3 12-1 LUBRICATING OIL DEGRADATION 12-4 12-4 HYDRAULIC OIL DEGRADATION 12-5 12-5 TRANSFORMER AND CIRCUIT BREAKER INSULATING OIL DEGRADATION 12-6 12-6 ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF OIL 12-7 12-7 OTHER PROPERTIES OF USED OILS 12-8 12-8 OIL MONITORING PROGRAM 12-9 12-9 OIL PURIFICATION AND FILTRATION 12-10 12-14 OIL OPERATING TEMPERATURE 12-11 12-21 LUBRICANT STORAGE AND HANDLING 12-12 12-22 SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS 12-13 12-28 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 12-14 12-29 CHAPTER