CONSERVATION OF COAL
CONTENTS EXPLORATION SEISMIC SEISMIC WAVE AND ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES SEISMIC WAVE AND PROPAGATION ENERGY LOSSES ABSORPTION SCATTERING TRANSMISSION SPHERICAL (GEOMETRICAL) DIVERGENCE GEOLOGICAL SIGNI?CANCE OF ENERGY ATTENUATION SEISMIC PROPERTIES ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES SEISMIC ROCK PHYSICS AND PETROPHYSICS ROCK MICROSTRUCTURE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS FLUID PROPERTIES OF ROCKS PORE FLUID AND SATURATION PERMEABILITY VISCOSITY PRESSURE NORMAL PRESSURES (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE) ABNORMAL PRESSURES OVERPRESSURES UNDERPRESSURES OR SUBNORMAL PRESSURES TEMPERATURE SEISMIC ROCK PHYSICS MODELLING (RPM) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS, GEOMECHANICS YOUNG’S MODULUS POISSON’S RATIO IN SITU STRESS MECHANICAL EARTH MODELLING (MEM) LIMITATIONS OF MODELLING REFERENCES SEISMIC RE?ECTION PRINCIPLES—BASICS SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (S/N) SEISMIC RESOLUTION VERTICAL RESOLUTION LATERAL (SPATIAL) RESOLUTION AND FRESNEL ZONE, MIGRATION INTERFERENCE OF CLOSELY SPACED RE?ECTIONS; TYPES OF RE?ECTORS DISCRETE RE?ECTORS TRANSITIONAL RE?ECTORS COMPLEX RE?ECTORS INNATE ATTRIBUTES OF A RE?ECTION SIGNAL AMPLITUDE AND STRENGTH PHASE FREQUENCY (BANDWIDTH) POLARITY POLARITY DISPLAY CONVENTIONS, ACQUISITION SOURCE WAVELET ARRIVAL TIME (ONSET OF RE?ECTION) VELOCITY SEISMIC DISPLAY DISPLAY MODES PLOTTING SCALES (VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL) SEISMIC INTERPRETATION METHODS CATEGORY I: STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION (2D) IDENTI?CATION OF HORIZONS AND CORRELATION CATEGORY II: STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION (2D) SEISMIC CALIBRATION DEPTH CONVERSION VELOCITY MODELLING SEISMIC STRUCTURE MAPS SEISMOGEOLOGICAL SECTION CATEGORY III: SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY INTERPRETATION CATEGORY IV: SEISMIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY INTERPRETATION LOW STAND SYSTEMS TRACT (LST) TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACT (TST) HIGH STAND SYSTEMS TRACT (HST) APPLICATION OF SEISMIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION TECTONICS AND SEISMIC INTERPRETATION STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIONAL STRESS REGIMES COMPACTION/DRAPE FOLDS HORSTS AND GRABENS NORMAL FAULTS, TYPES AND COMPACTION FAULTS LISTRIC AND GROWTH FAULTS AND ROLL-OVER STRUCTURES CYLINDRICAL FAULTS AND ASSOCIATED TOE THRUSTS, IMBRICATES STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH COMPRESSIONAL STRESS REGIMES FOLDS REVERSE FAULTS, THRUSTS & OVERTHRUSTS STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH SHEAR STRESS (WRENCH) REGIMES EN ECHELON CONICAL FOLDS HALF GRABENS WITH HIGH-ANGLE FAULTS FLOWER STRUCTURES AND INVERSIONS STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS SALT/SHALE STRUCTURES SALT DIAPIRS—TYPES SIGNI?CANCE OF SEISMO-TECTONICS IN SEISMIC DATA EVALUATION SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND SEISMO-TECTONICS IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION BASIN EVALUATION SOURCE AND GENERATION POTENTIAL RESERVOIR FACIES MIGRATION, PATHWAYS AND TIMING ENTRAPMENT AND PRESERVATION BASIN AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM MODELLING (BPSM) PETROLEUM SYSTEM MODELLING (PSM) GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SOURCE AND GENERATION POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM MODELLING FAULT ATTRIBUTES ANALYSIS AND FAULT SEAL INTEGRITY FAULTS AS CONDUITS FAULTS AS SEALS FAULT SEAL INTEGRITY PROSPECT GENERATION AND EVALUATION TECHNO- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TECHNICAL (GEOLOGIC) RISK ASSESSMENT TYPE OF SOURCE MIGRATION TIMING AND PATHWAYS TYPE OF RESERVOIR (CLASTIC/CARBONATE) TYPE OF TRAP ESTIMATE OF HYDROCARBON IN-PLACE (VOLUMETRIC) DIRECT HYDROCARBON INDICATORS (DHI) DHI AMPLITUDE ANOMALIES ‘BRIGHT SPOT’ ‘DIM SPOT’ ‘FLAT SPOT’ SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR DHI ANOMALIES VALIDATION OF DHI ANOMALIES ANGLE STACK AMPLITUDES, NEAR- AND FAR- STACKS FOR VALIDATION DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROCARBON SANDS LIMITATIONS OF DHI BOREHOLE SEISMIC TECHNIQUES CHECK-SHOT SURVEY ACQUISITION LAYOUTS AND ENERGY SOURCE THE T-D CURVE (VELOCITY FUNCTION) BENE?TS OF CHECK-SHOT SURVEYS VERTICAL SEISMIC PRO?LING (VSP) ZERO OFFSET VSP (ZVSP) SOURCE WAVELET RECORDING AND BENE?TS FOR SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING CORRIDOR STACK PREDICTION AHEAD OF DRILL BIT OFFSET (NON-ZERO) VSP WALKAWAY VSP BENE?TS OF VSP CHECK-SHOT AND VSP SURVEY COMPARISON WELL (SEISMIC) VELOCITY AND SONIC VELOCITY DISSIMILARITIES SONIC DRIFT CORRECTION LIMITATIONS OF CHECK-SHOT AND VSP SURVEYS CROSS-WELL (BOREHOLE) SURVEY TRAVELTIME TOMOGRAPHY RE?ECTION TOMOGRAPHY TOMOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS MICROSEISMIC SURVEYS MONITORING ‘FRACKING’ LIMITATIONS RESERVOIR AND PRODUCTION SEISMIC EVALUATION OF HIGH-RESOLUTION 3D AND 4D SEISMIC DATA 3D HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION PRESTACK TIME AND DEPTH MIGRATION (PSTM/PSDM) 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES HORIZONTAL-VIEW SEISMIC 3D VOLUME INTERPRETATION AND VISUALIZATION 3D SEISMIC APPLICATIONS PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION OFFSHORE SHALLOW DRILLING HAZARDS PREDICTION RESERVOIR DELINEATION AND CHARACTERISATION RESERVOIR DELINEATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION 4D (PRODUCTION SEISMIC) SEISMIC RESERVOIR MONITORING (SRM) RESERVOIR GEOMECHANICS 3D AND 4D SEISMIC ROLES IN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION 4D SEISMIC: LIMITATIONS SHEAR WAVE SEISMIC, AVO AND VP/VS ANALYSIS SHEAR WAVE PROPERTIES - BASICS POLARIZATION OF WAVES SHEAR WAVE DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION MODE CONVERTED SHEAR WAVES, P-SV, P-SH AND P-SV-P WAVES MULTICOMPONENT SURVEYS (3C AND 4C) BENE?TS OF SHEAR WAVE STUDIES IMAGING BELOW OFFSHORE GAS CHIMNEYS VALIDATING DHI (P-WAVE AMPLITUDE ANOMALIES) AVO ANALYSIS FOR VALIDATION OF HYDROCARBON SANDS AVO AMPLITUDE ANALYSIS GRADIENT AND INTERCEPT ANALYSIS POISSON’S RATIO, ANGULAR RE?ECTIVITY IN AVO ANALYSIS CASE EXAMPLE ANISOTROPY EFFECT IN AVO ANALYSIS AVO MODELLING, ELASTIC AND ZOEPPRITZ’S GATHER LIMITATIONS OF AVO ANALYSIS VP/VS ANALYSIS, PREDICTION OF ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES VP/VS FOR FLUID PREDICTION VP/VS FOR LITHOLOGY PREDICTION VP/VS FOR POROSITY AND CLAY CONTENT PREDICTION SHEAR WAVE BIREFRINGENCE, FRACTURE PREDICTION LIMITATIONS OF FRACTURE PREDICTION ANALYSING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES TUNING THICKNESS: THIN BED DE?NITION AND AMPLITUDE VARIATION COMPLEX TRACE ANALYSIS—AMPLITUDE, FREQUENCY, PHASE POLARITY SWEETNESS SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION (AVF) GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES DIP AND AZIMUTH CURVATURE COHERENCE ANT-TRACKING MULTIATTRIBUTES ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITE COLOURED (OVERLAY) DISPLAYS MULTIATTRIBUTES ANALYSIS COMPOSITE AND OVERLAY COLOUR DISPLAYS MULTIATTRIBUTES, APPLICATIONS AND SIGNI?CANCES LIMITATIONS IN ATTRIBUTE STUDIES SEISMIC MODELLING AND INVERSION PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING SEISMIC FORWARD MODELLING 1D MODELLING, SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM 2D/3D MODELLING, STRUCTURAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC LIMITATIONS OF FORWARD MODELLING INVERSE MODELLING TYPES OPERATOR-BASED INVERSION RECURSIVE INVERSION MODEL-BASED INVERSION GEOSTATISTICAL (STOCHASTIC) INVERSION SEISMIC INVERSION, TYPES OF ATTRIBUTES INTERVAL VELOCITY INVERSION (VP) ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE INVERSION (AI) ELASTIC IMPEDANCE INVERSION (EI) SIMULTANEOUS INVERSION (SI) DENSITY INVERSION AVO INVERSION THIN-BED RE?ECTIVITY INVERSION PHASE ROTATION TO HARMONIZE SEISMIC DATA SEISMIC INVERSION IN RESERVOIR MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT LIMITATIONS OF INVERSION SEISMIC PITFALLS SEISMIC TECHNOLOGY (API) RELATED PITFALLS ACQUISITION RELATED ARTEFACTS PROCESSING LINKED SNAGS INTERPRETATION LINKED PITFALLS NATURAL SYSTEM-RELATED PITFALLS WAVE PROPAGATION COMPLICATIONS ANISOTROPY TIME DOMAIN DATA RECORDING GEOLOGICAL IMPEDIMENTS, VAGARIES OF NATURE CASE EXAMPLES, VAGARIES OF NATURE SEISMIC LIMITATIONS UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION-SEISMIC ROLE OIL SANDS, HEAVY OIL, TIGHT OIL/GAS, BCGAS AND CBM OIL SANDS, HEAVY/EXTRA HEAVY OIL OIL SANDS HEAVY/EXTRA HEAVY OIL TIGHT OIL/GAS SEISMIC ROLE CROSS-WELL TOMOGRAPHY BASIN-CENTERED GAS ACCUMULATIONS (BCGAS) TYPES OF BCGAS ABNORMAL PRESSURE AND BCGAS RESERVOIRS ROLE OF SEISMIC COAL-BED METHANE THE COAL RESERVOIR METHANE PRODUCTION SHALE OIL AND GAS, OIL SHALE AND GAS HYDRATES SHALE OIL AND GAS SHALE RESERVOIRS SHALE PROSPECT APPRAISAL SHALE OIL/GAS PRODUCTION SHALE CHARACTERIZATION MICROSEISMIC MONITORING OF ‘FRACKING’ OIL SHALE GAS HYDRATES OCEANIC GAS HYDRATES OCCURRENCES GAS HYDRATE PETROLEUM SYSTEM SOURCE RESERVOIR TRAP MIGRATION METHANE PRODUCTION FROM HYDRATES FRACTURED-BASEMENT RESERVOIRS FAULTS AND FRACTURES, TECTONICS AND BASEMENT ROCKS FAULTS AND FRACTURES TECTONICS BASEMENT ROCK TYPES HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION IN FRACTURED-BASEMENT RESERVOIRS RESERVOIRS TRAPS RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION-FRACTURE GEOMETRY RESERVE ESTIMATE AND PRODUCTIVITY SEISMIC MAPPING OF FAULTS AND FRACTURES SEISMIC LIMITATIONS IN MAPPING BASEMENT FRACTURES EXPLORING BASEMENT RESERVOIRS