MODELS IN SPATIAL ANALYSIS
1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MODELING UNIVERSALS 1 2 1 LOGICAL FRAMES FOR MODELING 1 2 2 THE LANGUAGE OF MODELS 1 2 2 1 MATERIAL OR PHYSICAL MODEL LANGUAGES 1 2 2 2 THE LANGUAGE OF IMAGES: ICONIC MODELS 1 2 2 3 MODELING IN MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE 1 3 A FEW SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SPATIAL MODELS 1 4 SPATIAL MODELS: A STUDY GRID 1 4 1 SEQUENCING AND EXPLANATION 1 4 2 THE GROUP AND THE INDIVIDUAL 1 4 3 THE RANDOM AND THE DETERMINED 1 4 4 MOVEMENT AND BALANCE 1 5 CONCLUSION 1 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL STATISTICAL METHODS 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 SCALING ISSUES 2 2 1 THE CONSIDERATION OF DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LEVELS: TWO POSSIBLE APPROACHES 2 2 2 FORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO LEVELS 2 2 2 1 NESTED RELATIONS AND PARTITION GRAPH 2 2 2 2 NEIGHBORHOOD RELATIONS AND PROXIMITY GRAPHS 2 2 3 PROCESSING OF MULTILEVEL INFORMATION 2 2 3 1 MULTILEVEL STRUCTURE AND ATTRIBUTES 2 2 3 2 MULTIDIMENSIONAL STATISTICAL METHODS 2 3 CHANGE OF LEVELS, CHANGE OF STRUCTURES 2 3 1 SCALE AND VARIABILITY 2 3 2 EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE SCALE SYSTEM 2 3 2 1 ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATED LEVELS OR INTERCLASS ANALYSIS 2 3 2 2 TRANSITION ANALYSIS BETWEEN TWO LEVELS OR INTRACLASS ANALYSIS 2 3 3 APPLICATION OF OUTLYING OUAGADOUGOU SPACE TO THE SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION 2 4 INTEGRATION OF THE DIFFERENT LEVELS 2 4 1 THE SCALE: A SET OF TERRITORIAL AND SPATIAL REFERENCES 2 4 2 THE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL DIFFERENCES 2 4 3 OTHER LOCAL ANALYSIS METHODS 2 5 MULTILEVEL MODELS 2 5 1 CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS AND REGRESSION MODELS 2 5 2 MULTILEVEL MODELING 2 6 CONCLUSION 2 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 LOCATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES: FROM THEORY TO APPLICATION 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE MODELING APPROACH 3 2 1 A TYPOLOGY OF PUBLIC SERVICES: AN ATTEMPT 3 2 2 ESTIMATING DEMAND 3 2 3 ANALYZING SUPPLY 3 2 4 ADJUSTING SUPPLY TO DEMAND 3 2 5 EVALUATING THE SOLUTIONS 3 2 6 METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 3 3 A PROTOTYPE LOCATION MODEL: THE K-MEDIAN 3 4 AN EXAMPLE: RECYCLING CENTERS 3 4 1 THE PROBLEM: THE OPTIMAL LOCATION OF RECYCLING CENTERS 3 4 2 RESULTS OF THE MODEL 3 5 CONCLUSION 3 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 4 TIME-GEOGRAPHY: INDIVIDUALS IN TIME AND SPACE 4 1 INTRODUCTION: WHY INTEGRATE “TIME” WHEN WE ANALYZE SPACE? 4 1 1 THE STUDY OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL PROCESSES 4 1 2 FOR A TIME-INTEGRATED GEOGRAPHY 4 2 THE FOUNDATIONS OF TIME-GEOGRAPHY 4 2 1 THE PREMISES 4 2 2 A CERTAIN VISION OF THE WORLD 4 3 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF TIME-GEOGRAPHY 4 3 1 THE CREATION OF A “NOTATION SYSTEM” 4 3 2 TOOLS TO DECRYPT DAILY LIFE 4 3 2 1 TRAJECTORY, STATION, PROJECT: BASIC CONCEPTS 4 3 2 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS 4 3 2 3 A TRANSVERSAL ANALYSIS OF THE “THREE WORLDS” 4 4 TIME-GEOGRAPHY IN PRACTICE 4 4 1 SIMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMS: PUBLIC TRANSPORT POSSIBILITIES IN THE CITY OF KARLSTAD – AN APPLICATION BY BO LENNTORP 4 4 1 1 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SIMULATION MODEL 4 4 1 2 THE APPLICATION OF KARLSTAD 4 4 1 3 NEW IMPLEMENTATIONS AND OPERATIONAL METHODS IN TIME-GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 4 4 1 4 PARTIAL CONCLUSION 4 4 2 DAILY LIVES OF WOMEN: ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN TIME AND SPACE – THE TORA FRIBERG METHOD 4 4 2 1 FROM HØJRUP’S LIFE FORMS TO FRIBERG’S THREE WOMEN LIFE FORMS 4 4 2 2 RELATION WITH TIME-GEOGRAPHY 4 5 CONCLUSION 4 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 5 THE PROCESS OF SPATIAL DIFFUSION AND MODELING CHANGE 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 THE MANIFESTATIONS OF DIFFUSION IN SPACE 5 2 1 ELEMENTS AND LEVELS OF APPROACH OF A SPATIAL DIFFUSION PROCESS 5 2 2 DISTANCES AND PROPAGATION CHANNELS 5 2 3 SPATIAL DIFFUSION IN TIME 5 3 SIMULATING A SPATIAL DIFFUSION PROCESS: HÄGERSTRAND’S PIONEER APPROACH 5 3 1 A PROBABILISTIC MODEL 5 3 2 THE RULES OF THE BASIC MODEL 5 3 2 1 DIFFUSION IN A HOMOGENOUS SPACE 5 3 2 2 DIFFUSION IN A HETEROGENEOUS SPACE 5 3 3 SIMULATION PROCEDURE 5 4 ANALYSIS MODELS, INTERPRETATIVE MODELS 5 4 1 REFERENCES 5 4 2 MODELS OF FORM 5 4 3 EXPLANATORY MODELS 5 5 CONCLUSION 5 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 6 SPATIAL MICROSIMULATION MODELS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 CHOOSING THE AGGREGATION LEVEL FOR MODELING 6 2 1 “MICRO-OBJECTS” AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS 6 2 1 1 ARGUMENTS FOR CHOOSING A MODELING LEVEL 6 2 1 2 INDIVIDUALS AS THE FAVORED MICRO-OBJECTS IN SPATIAL MICROSIMULATION 6 2 2 THEORETICAL POINT OF VIEW: INTERACTIONS AND EMERGENCE PHENOMENA 6 2 3 THEMATIC POINT OF VIEW: THE DRIVING ROLE OF THE INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIVERSITY 6 2 4 TECHNICAL POINT OF VIEW: MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TABLES 6 3 THE ELEMENTS OF A DYNAMIC MICROSIMULATION MODEL 6 3 1 THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF MICRODATA: COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION, SAMPLINGS, ARTIFICIAL WORLDS 6 3 2 STATISTICAL PROCEDURES OR AGENT TYPE AUTONOMY: THE DIFFERENT WAYS TO FORMALIZE INDIVIDUAL CHANGE 6 4 NATIONAL FORECASTS AND SIMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHIES WITH THE SVERIGE MODEL 6 4 1 CLASSICAL AGGREGATE OUTPUTS 6 4 2 THE BIOGRAPHY OF KRISTINA 6 5 A SIMULATION OF POPULATION SPATIAL DYNAMICS WITH MICDYN 6 5 1 OPERATION OF THE MICDYN MODEL 6 5 2 DETERMINING WORKPLACES AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF MIGRANTS 6 5 3 SIMULATING THE POPULATION EVOLUTIONS 1990-2040 6 5 4 PERSPECTIVES 6 6 CONCLUSION 6 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 7 MULTI-AGENT SIMULATIONS OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE MULTI-AGENT APPROACH 7 2 1 MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS 7 2 2 MULTI-AGENT SIMULATION OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL PHENOMENA 7 3 MODELING OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS 7 3 1 COMPUTER MODELS AND SIMULATION OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS 7 3 1 1 AN EXAMPLE: MODELING OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE INTERIOR DELTA OF THE RIVER NIGER 7 3 1 2 THE CONCEPTS OF A COMPUTER MODEL OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS 7 3 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS 7 3 2 1 EULERIAN AND LAGRANGIAN APPROACHES 7 3 2 2 AN EXAMPLE ON WATER RUNOFF MODELING 7 3 3 COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SPATIAL DYNAMICS TOWARD CONVERGENCE 7 3 3 1 A COMMON DUALITY: EULERIAN POINT OF VIEW AND LAGRANGIAN POINT OF VIEW 7 3 3 2 SOURCE AND NECESSITY OF THE COMPARISON: SIMULATION AND ITS LIMITS 7 4 THE MULTI-AGENT APPROACH IN SPATIAL DYNAMICS MODELING: A POINT OF VIEW 7 4 1 THE METHODOLOGY 7 4 2 HIERARCHY OF CHOICES AND THE PLACE OF AGENTS: AN EXAMPLE 7 5 CONCLUSION 7 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 8 FROM IMAGE TO MODEL: REMOTE SENSING AND URBAN MODELING 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1 1 A MODELING OF URBAN REALITY 8 1 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CHAPTER 8 2 THE SATELLITE IMAGE IN THE DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION PRODUCTION 8 2 1 THE DIFFERENT PHASES OF INFORMATION PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITE IMAGERY 8 2 2 AREA SAMPLING METHOD ON SATELLITE IMAGE: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 8 2 3 APPLICATION IN BOGOTA IN 1993 8 3 THE USE OF IMAGERY IN URBAN MODELING 8 3 1 THE POTENTIAL MODEL AND SATELLITE DATA 8 3 2 APPLICATION OF THE MODEL TO SATELLITE IMAGERY 8 3 3 APPLICATION IN BOGOTA 8 4 SPATIAL INFORMATION AND DYNAMIC MODELING 8 4 1 TOWARDS A DYNAMIC MULTILEVEL MODEL 8 4 2 APPLICATION IN BOGOTA: A PRELIMINARY SIMULATION 8 5 CONCLUSION 8 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 9 MATHEMATICAL FORMALIZATION FOR SPATIAL INTERACTIONS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 FORMALIZATIONS 9 3 NOTION OF PERFECT AGGREGATION OF VARIABLES 9 4 MEAN FIELD 9 5 EXAMPLE OF THE ISING MODEL 9 6 USE OF MEAN FIELD NOTION IN ECOLOGY 9 7 REACTION-DIFFUSION MODELS 9 8 CONCLUSION 9 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER 10 FRACTALS AND GEOGRAPHY 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 FRACTALITY AND STRUCTURING OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE 10 2 1 DENSITY: A TRADITIONAL BUT UNSUITABLE MEASURE 10 2 2 THE FRACTALS: REFERENCES ADAPTED TO THE SPACE OF HUMAN SOCIETIES 10 3 FRACTAL MODELS OF SPATIAL STRUCTURES 10 3 1 SURFACE MODELS 10 3 2 LINE MODELS 10 3 3 MULTIFRACTAL MODELS 10 3 4 STOCHASTIC MODELS 10 4 MEASURING FRACTALITY 10 4 1 NOTION OF FRACTAL DIMENSION 10 4 2 GLOBAL ANALYSIS METHODS 10 4 2 1 THE GRID ANALYSIS 10 4 2 2 THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS 10 4 3 LOCAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS 10 4 3 1 RADIAL ANALYSIS 10 4 3 2 THE CURVE OF SCALING BEHAVIOR 10 5 THE MORPHOLOGY OF CONTOURS 10 6 THE MORPHOLOGY OF LAND OCCUPATION 10 6 1 FORM OF OCCUPIED SURFACES 10 6 2 INTENSITY OF LAND OCCUPATION 10 7 THE MORPHOLOGY OF HIERARCHIES: POPULATION AND SYSTEMS 10 7 1 URBAN HIERARCHIES 10 7 2 MEASURING THE MORPHOLOGY OF NETWORKS 10 8 TOWARDS DYNAMIC MODELS 10 9 CONCLUSION 10 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY