PROPERTIES OF SOLID POLYMERIC MATERIALS
CONTENTS PROCESSING OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES—A REVIEW INTRODUCTION FIBERS POLYMER POLYMER COMPOSITES HYBRID COMPOSITES PARAMETERS OF PROCESSING METHODS ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF PROCESSING METHODS APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES BIO-BASED HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES: A SUSTAINABLE HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIAL NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL FIBERS BIODEGRADABLE/BIO-BASED POLYMERS AS MATRICES WATER SOLUBLE POLYMER BASED HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES HYBRID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES GELATIN-BASED HYBRID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES NANOMATERIALS SUITABLE FOR FABRICATING GELATIN-BASED HYBRID POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES HYBRID GELATIN NANOCOMPOSITES CONTAINING A COMBINATION OF BCNC AND AGNPS GELATIN NANOCOMPOSITES CONTAINING A COMBINATION OF AMINE FUNCTIONALIZED CLAY AND AGNPS CONCLUSIONS DYNAMIC FABRICATION OF AMYLOSIC SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPOSITES IN AN ENZYMATIC POLYMERIZATION FIELD DYNAMIC FORMATION OF AMYLOSIC SUPRAMOLECULAR INCLUSION COMPOSITES BY VINE-TWINING POLYMERIZATION AND RELATED SYSTEM SELECTIVE COMPLEXATION OF AMYLOSE IN VINE-TWINING POLYMERIZATION DYNAMIC FABRICATION OF AMYLOSIC SUPRAMOLECULAR INCLUSION COMPOSITE MATERIALS BY VINE-TWINING POLYMERIZATION ADVANCED COMPOSITES WITH STRENGTHENED NANOSTRUCTURED INTERFACE INTRODUCTION: NECESSITY TO STRENGTHEN THE FIBERMATRIX INTERFACE SIZINGS TO PROTECT REINFORCEMENTS AND STRENGTHEN INTERFACE STRENGTHENING OF FIBERMATRIX INTERFACE BY REINFORCEMENT MODIFICATIONS INTERFACIAL DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF STRENGTHENED FIBERMATRIX INTERFACES PROSPECTIVE HYBRID CERAMIC/POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR BONE TISSUE REGENERATION CERAMIC/POLYMER COMPOSITES CERAMIC/POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FILLERS FOR REACHING HIGH PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABLE HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH NATURAL FILLERS HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH SYNTHETIC FILLERS SYNTHESIS OF CONDUCTING POLYMER/CARBON MATERIAL COMPOSITES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF CONDUCTING POLYMER/CARBON MATERIAL COMPOSITES SYNTHESIS OF ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES BASED HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES CARBON NANOTUBES BASED HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES FOR SUPERCAPACITORS GRAPHENE-BASED HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES FOR SUPERCAPACITORS GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES BASED TERNARY NANOCOMPOSITES MODERN APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCAPACITORS SUMMARY PROCESSING OF FERROELECTRIC POLYMER COMPOSITES FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS AND FERROELECTRIC POLYMERS FERROELECTRIC POLYMER (PVDF) COMPOSITES TO ENHANCE FERROELECTRIC PHASE COMPOSITES OF FERROELECTRIC POLYMER TO ENHANCE DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY WITH LOW LOSS POLYMERCARBON NANOTUBES COMPOSITES OBTAINED VIA RADICAL POLYMERIZATION IN WATER-DISPERSED MEDIA CNT/POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES OBTAINED FROM WATER DISPERSIONS NEW RESULTS INVOLVING CNT NANOCOMPOSITES OBTAINED BY MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION FUTURE PERSPECTIVES TEMPERATURE EFFECT IN POLYURETHANE/GRAPHENE/PMMA NANOCOMPOSITES USING QUANTUM MECHANICS AND MONTE CARLO FOR DESIGN OF NEW MATERIALS METHODOLOGY RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS POLYMERIC THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE FOR CO2 SEPARATION THIN FILM COMPOSITE PARAMETERS OF INTERFACIAL POLYMERIZATION POLYETHYLENE OXIDE FOR MEMBRANE WITH HIGH CO2 SOLUBILITY CO2-FACILITATED TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR OF AMINE-BASED MEMBRANE NANOMATERIALS FOR THE ULTIMATE MEMBRANE ENHANCEMENT CURRENT CHALLENGES IN TFC DEVELOPMENT PROCESSING OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES—A REVIEW CHAPTER OUTLINE 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FIBERS 1 2 1 NATURAL FIBERS 1 2 2 SYNTHETIC FIBER 1 3 POLYMER 1 3 1 THERMOSET 1 3 2 THERMOPLASTIC 1 4 POLYMER COMPOSITES 1 5 HYBRID COMPOSITES 1 6 PARAMETERS OF PROCESSING METHODS 1 6 1 PULTRUSION 1 6 2 FILAMENT WINDING 1 6 3 HAND LAY-UP 1 6 4 RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING 1 6 5 VACUUM BAGGING 1 6 6 COMPRESSION MOLDING 1 6 7 INJECTION MOLDING 1 7 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF PROCESSING METHODS 1 7 1 RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING (RTM) 1 7 2 COMPRESSION MOLDING 1 7 3 INJECTION MOLDING 1 7 4 HAND LAY-UP 1 7 5 COMMON DISADVANTAGE OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES 1 8 APPLICATIONS 1 8 1 APPLICATION OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES 1 8 2 APPLICATION OF EACH PROCESSING METHOD 1 9 CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION THE FINAL COST AND PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ARE RISING EVERY YEAR DUE TO A SCAR- CITY OF UNPROCESSED MATERIALS AND THE HIGH COST OF ENERGY ALTERNATIVE CONSTITUENTS IN WOOD MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND NONDEGRADABLE MATERIALS ARE NOW A GLOBAL CONCERN FOR ENERGY SAVING, CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, AND ECO-SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE EFFORTS ARE BEING MADE TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE PRODUCTS WITH GOOD PROPERTIES [1] A GLOBAL SHORTAGE OF SOLID WOOD MATERIALS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ARE PROMOTING CONSUMPTION OF FIBROUS MATERI- ALS; AN IMPROVEMENT OF COMPOSITES AND OTHER VARIOUS MATERIALS ARE ALSO BEING CONSID- ERED [2,3] ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND SHORTAGE OF ENERGY RESOURCES ARE GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR FINDING SUBSTITUTE SOURCES OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS ARE THE MOST SUITABLE AND ABUNDANT BIORESOURCE IN THE WORLD WITH ANNUAL PRODUCTION REACHING UP TO 170200 BILLION TONS [4] DUE TO ITS LIGHT WEIGHT AND ECO-FRIENDLY NATURE, NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES ARE THE CENTER OF ATTRAC- TION FOR INDUSTRIES OVER TRADITIONAL COMPOSITES [5] THERE ARE MANY SOURCES OF NATURAL FIBERS LIKE PLANT FIBERS, ANIMAL FIBERS, FRUIT FIBERS, AND STALK FIBERS NATURAL FIBERS, AS A CEMENTED MATERIAL, HAVE BEEN USED FOR SEVERAL DECADES IN MANY COUNTRIES [6] THESE NATURAL FIBERS ARE NOW A MAJOR COMPONENT IN MAKING OF BIO-COMPOSITE MATERIALS LIKE BOARDS, PAPER, AND MANY STRUCTURES [7] NOWADAYS, POLYMER TECHNOLOGY IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY THAT IS USED BECAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS; IT IS EASY TO PROCESS AND IS IDEAL FOR RECYCLING PRODUCTS [8] POLYMERS HAVE UNIQUE CHARAC- TERISTICS (THERMOSET AND THERMOPLASTIC) THAT MAKE THEM COMPATIBILE WITH MATERIALS IN ALL CONDITIONS SUCH AS VARIOUS TEMPERATURES, VARYING DENSITIES, MECHANICAL, AND PHYSI- CAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES [9] THESE POLYMERS ARE VERY RELIABLE AND SUITABLE FOR REIN- FORCEMENT WITH NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC (GLASS FIBER, CARBON, AND ARAMID) FIBERS THESE POLYMER COMPOSITES ARE NOT USED AS COMPONENT OF AUTOMOBILES, SHIPS, AND STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS, BUT THEY DO PROVIDE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES SUCH AS HIGH-STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO, EASE OF FABRICATION, COMPLEX SHAPES, LOW COST, AND GOOD RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND MARINE FOULING [10,11] SYNTHETIC FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES ARE NOT DEGRADABLE DUE TO ITS HIGH MOLECULAR MASS AND HYDROPHOBIC CHARACTER, WHILE NATURAL FIBER- REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES ARE HYDROPHILIC LOW MOLECULAR MASS PRODUCTS NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES HAVE SOME DISADVANTAGES SUCH AS LOW STRENGTH, POOR INTERFACIAL BONDING BETWEEN FIBER AND MATRIX, AND MOISTURE UPTAKE COMPARED TO ARTIFICIAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES FOR LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE, NATURAL FIBER- REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES ARE VERY RESPONSIVE TO MOISTURE ABSORPTION, AND IT AFFECTS FIBER/MATRIX BONDING [12] SURFACE TREATMENT OF NATURAL FIBERS IS A METHOD TO REDUCE ITS HYDROPHILIC CHARACTER AND ENHANCE ADHESIVE PROPERTY OF FIBER/MATRIX PROPERTIES OF SOLID POLYMERIC MATERIALS FIBER TREATMENT THE MAJOR HURDLE IN FIBER COMPOSITES IS THE COMPATIBILITY OF A FIBER-MATRIX NATURAL FIBERS SHOW POOR COMPATIBILITY AND RELATIVELY HIGH MOISTURE ABSORPTION DURING REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES OF SOLID POLYMERIC MATERIALS FIBER NATURAL ANIMAL SILK WOOL HAIR ABSESTOS MINERAL ORGANIC FIBER ARAMID POLYETHYLENE AROMATIC POLYESTER INORGANIC FIBER GLASS CARBON BORON SILICA CARBIDE GRASS/REEDS STALK WOOD SOFT FRUIT COIR OIL PALM ABACA DATE PALM BANANA PALF AGAVE DATE PALM KENAF HEMP RAMIE JUTE FLAX LEAF SEED COTTON KAPOK LOOFAH MILKWEED BAST SISAL HARD RICE WHEAT MAIZE OAT RYE BARLEY CANERY ESPARTO RAPE CORN BAGASSE BAMBOO CELLULOSE/LIGNOCELLULOSE SYNTHETIC FIGURE 1 1 CLASSIFICATION AND SUBCLASSIFICATION OF FIBER [22] TABLE 1 1 ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF NATURAL FIBERS AND SOURCES FIBER SOURCE WORLD PRODUCTION (103 TONS) ORIGIN FIBER SOURCE WORLD PRODUCTION (103 TONS) ORIGIN ABACA STEM OIL PALM FRUIT ABUNDANT FRUIT BANANA FRUIT PALM RAH ABUNDANT STEM BROOM ABUNDANT STEM RAMIE STEM COIR STEM ROSELLE STEM RICE HUSK ABUNDANT FRUIT/ GRAIN ELEPHANT GRASS ABUNDANT STEM RICE STRAW ABUNDANT STEM FLAX STEM SISAL STEM HEMP STEM SUN HEMP STEM JUTE STEM WHEAT STRAW ABUNDANT STEM KENAF STEM PINEAPPLE ABUNDANT LEAF CANTALA LEAF CAROA LEAF CHINA JUTE STEM PROPERTIES OF SOLID POLYMERIC MATERIALS