TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS INTRODUCTION THE METALLURGY OF TITANIUM CRYSTAL STRUCTURE PLASTIC DEFORMATION /-TRANSFORMATION DIFFUSION THE CLASSIFICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS METALLOGRAPHIC PREPARATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF TITANIUM ALLOYS PROPERTY PROFILES OF THE TITANIUM ALLOY CLASSES THE ALLOYING ELEMENTS OF TITANIUM THE CONVENTIONAL TITANIUM ALLOYS ALLOYS NEAR- ALLOYS + ALLOYS METASTABLE ALLOYS TEXTURES IN TITANIUM ALLOYS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS STRENGTH STIFFNESS ELEVATED TEMPERATURE STRENGTH DAMAGE TOLERANCE AND FATIGUE REFERENCED LITERATURE AND FURTHER READING CONTENTS BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS METALLURGY AND PROCESSING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TENSILE PROPERTIES FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FATIGUE (HCF) FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION (FCP) APPLICATIONS ORTHORHOMBIC TITANIUM ALUMINIDES: INTERMETALLICS WITH IMPROVED DAMAGE TOLERANCE PHYSICAL METALLURGY: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES, PHASE EQUILIBRIA, AND ALLOY CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES OF ORTHORHOMBIC TITANIUM ALUMINIDES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURES CREEP BEHAVIOR FATIGUE STRENGTH, CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR, AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OXIDATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EMBRITTLEMENT CONCLUDING REMARKS TITANIUM ALUMINIDE ALLOYS: ALLOY DESIGN AND PROPERTIES CONSTITUTION OF -TITANIUM ALUMINIDE ALLOYS PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND MICROSTRUCTURE MICROMECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION SLIP AND TWINNING SYSTEMS DISLOCATION MULTIPLICATION TWIN NUCLEATION GLIDE RESISTANCE AND DISLOCATION MOBILITY GRAIN REFINEMENT EFFECTS OF ALLOY COMPOSITION SOLID SOLUTION EFFECTS DUE TO NB ADDITIONS PRECIPITATION HARDENING CREEP RESISTANCE CRACK PROPAGATION AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FATIGUE BEHAVIOR BASIC ASPECTS OF PROCESSING MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS CASTING DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION ON HOT WORKING DEVELOPMENT OF HOT WORKING ROUTES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FATIGUE OF TITANIUM ALLOYS INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM, ALLOYS NEAR- AND + ALLOYS INFLUENCE OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE ON FATIGUE LIFE INFLUENCE OF MEAN STRESS ON FATIGUE LIFE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL SURFACE TREATMENTS INFLUENCE OF THERMOMECHANICAL SURFACE TREATMENTS TITANIUM ALUMINIDES COMPOSITE MATERIALS SUMMARY OXIDATION AND PROTECTION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS AND TITANIUM ALUMINIDES FUNDAMENTALS OF OXIDATION OF METALS THERMODYNAMICS OF OXIDATION OXIDATION KINETICS DISORDER FEATURES IN OXIDES KINETICS OXIDATION OF ALLOYS SELECTIVE OXIDATION INTERNAL OXIDATION OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF TITANIUM ALLOYS AND TITANIUM ALUMINIDES OXIDE SCALE FORMATION TI-AL-O PHASE DIAGRAM OXIDE SCALE GROWTH EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERE DISSOLUTION OF NON-METALS IN THE SUBSURFACE ZONE OF ALLOYS EFFECT OF NON-METAL DISSOLUTION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MEASURES TO IMPROVE OXIDATION RESISTANCE ALLOYING ELEMENTS PRE-OXIDATION COATINGS SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS – FROM RAW MATERIAL TO SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS TITANIUM SPONGE FROM SPONGE TO INGOT TITANIUM, TITANIUM ALLOYS AND SPECIAL ALLOYS PROCESSING TO SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS RECYCLING FABRICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS MACHINING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS WELDING FUSION WELDING FRICTION WELDING ELECTRON BEAM WELDING LASER BEAM WELDING SPOT WELDING PROPERTIES OF WELDED STRUCTURES SUPERPLASTIC FORMING/DIFFUSION BONDING POWDER METALLURGY INVESTMENT CASTING OF TITANIUM TITANIUM CAST ALLOYS MELTING UNITS MOLDING MATERIALS CASTING DESIGN FINISHING PICKLING (CHEMICAL MILLING) HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING (HIP) EXAMPLES OF CAST PARTS SUPERPLASTIC FORMING AND DIFFUSION BONDING OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS SUPERPLASTICITY DIFFUSION BONDING THE SPF PROCESS SPF-MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR PARAMETER DEFINITION SPF TOOLING EXAMPLES OF SPF COMPONENTS SPF FORMING PRESSES SPF/DB PROCESSING SPF/DB STRUCTURES AND COMPONENTS FORGING OF TITANIUM GENERAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS PROCESSING OF FORGING STOCK FORGINGS HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS DESIGN GEOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS FORGED COMPONENTS AND FORGING EQUIPMENT PROCESSING WINDOW FOR FORGINGS FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION EXAMPLES FOR PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATIONS CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCED TITANIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES: FABRICATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS FABRICATION PROCESSES PROPERTIES STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS CREEP PROPERTIES FATIGUE PROPERTIES ANISOTROPY OF TMCS THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESSES INFLUENCE OF THE FIBER DISTRIBUTION ON RESIDUAL STRESSES RESIDUAL STRESSES AND FATIGUE DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN WITH TMCS MATERIAL MODELING TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS TITANIUM ALLOYS IN AEROSPACE AIRFRAME GAS TURBINE ENGINES HELICOPTERS SPACE APPLICATIONS PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND APPLICATION OF (TIAL)-BASED ALLOYS CONSTITUTION OF (TIAL)-BASED ALLOYS CONTROLLED MICROSTRUCTURES BY HEAT-TREATMENTS PROCESSING OF (TIAL)-BASED ALLOYS INGOT PRODUCTION POWDER PROCESSING AND COMPACTION THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSING FORGING FORGING OF LARGE INGOTS FORGING OF COMPONENTS SINGLE AND MULTI-STEP EXTRUSION ROLLING OF SHEET AND FOIL SUPERPLASTIC FORMING FURTHER PROCESSING JOINING MACHINING REQUIREMENTS, COMPONENTS, TESTS AND APPLICATIONS AEROSPACE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES NON-AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS CHEMICAL, PROCESS AND POWER GENERATION INDUSTRIES HEAT EXCHANGERS AND CONDENSERS CONTAINERS AND APPARATUS MANUFACTURING DIMENSIONALLY STABLE ANODES – EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY PETROCHEMICAL REFINERIES FLUE GAS DESULPHURIZATION STEAM TURBINE BLADES OTHER APPLICATIONS MARINE AND OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ARCHITECTURE SPORTS AND LEISURE GOLF TENNIS RACQUETS, BASEBALL BATS AND POOL CUES BICYCLES: NOT ONLY FRAMES SCUBA DIVING EQUIPMENT EXPEDITION AND TREKKING KNIVES WINTER SPORT EQUIPMENT DIVERSE SPORTS APPLICATIONS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DENTAL IMPLANTS JEWELRY AND FASHION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OPTICAL INDUSTRY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SAFETY AND SECURITY TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS GROUPS OF METALLIC BIOMATERIALS CORROSION RESISTANCE BIOCOMPATIBILITY BIOADHESION (OSSEOINTEGRATION) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, PROCESSABILITY, AVAILABILITY EXAMPLES OF TAILOR-MADE TI-BASED COMPOSITES STRUCTURED SURFACES ON TI MATERIALS WITH SPECIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TI/CERAMIC COMPOSITES WITH SPECIAL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES TI/CERAMIC COMPOSITES WITH SPECIAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TI/CERAMIC COMPOSITE WITH IMPROVED WEAR RESISTANCE TITANIUM IN DENTISTRY CLINICALLY RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS IN DENTISTRY RESISTANCE AGAINST FLUORINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USE OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS IN DENTISTRY ORTHODONTICS PROSTHETICS IMPLANTOLOGY PROCESSING OF TITANIUM IN THE DENTAL LABORATORY DENTAL MELTING AND CASTING TECHNOLOGY CAD/CAM TECHNIQUE TITANIUM IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS FOR TITANIUM IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL USES APPLICATIONS IN THE POWERTRAIN APPLICATIONS IN THE CHASSIS FURTHER APPLICATIONS SUSPENSION SPRINGS MADE FROM TITANIUM EXHAUST SYSTEMS CONCLUSION OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS FOR TITANIUM ALLOYS MATERIALS AND MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS TITANIUM MATERIALS FOR OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS SEAWATER CORROSION CORROSION IN OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTS STRESS CORROSION CRACKING (SCC) GALVANIC CORROSION FATIGUE FABRICATION COLD FORMING NITRIDING SEAWATER SYSTEMS HEAT EXCHANGERS HYPOCHLORITE SYSTEMS RISER PIPES RISER TAPER STRESS JOINT SUB-SEA SYSTEMS AVAILABILITY AND COST DELIVERIES COST STANDARDS