DIFFUSION BONDING OF MATERIALS

By W. PANAM

CONTENTS HIGH-PERFORMANCE METAL–POLYMER COMPOSITES: CHEMICAL BONDING, ADHESION, AND INTERFACE DESIGN INTRODUCTION REFERENCES INTERPRETATION OF ADHESION PHENOMENA – REVIEW OF THEORIES GENERAL MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING IN A MACROSCOPIC SCALE MECHANICAL ADHESION ON A MICROSCALE MECHANICAL ANCHORING ON A MOLECULAR SCALE INTERDI?USION DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS FOR INTERFACE-CROSSING ADHESION PROMOTION INTERDI?USION AND WELDING DI?USION OF METALS INTO POLYMERS INTERPHASE FORMATION POLYMER–POLYMER BLENDS NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITES TRANSCRYSTALLINE LAYERS REDOX REACTIONS ACROSS THE METAL–POLYMER INTERFACE REACTIONS OF TRANSITION METALS WITH AROMATIC POLYMERS LOSS IN ANISOTROPIC ORIENTATION OF POLYMERS CAUSED BY PRETREATMENT OR BY CONTACT TO METALS WEAK BOUNDARY LAYER WEAK MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS (COHESIVE FORCES) THERMODYNAMIC ADSORPTION, WETTING MODEL CONTACT ANGLE, SURFACE PROPERTIES, AND ADHESION CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT ADVANCING AND RECEDING CONTACT ANGLES, CONTACT ANGLE HYSTERESIS REAL SURFACES CRITICAL SURFACE TENSION – ZISMAN PLOT SURFACE TENSION THEORIES POLAR AND DISPERSIVE COMPONENTS OF SURFACE TENSION ACID–BASE INTERACTIONS RHEOLOGICAL MODEL SUMMARY ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION CONTAMINATIONS, ROLE OF WATER, OR HUMIDITY COUPLING AGENTS USE OF GLUES (ADHESIVES) HYDROPHOBIC RECOVERY INTERACTIONS AT INTERFACE COMPOSITES AND LAMINATES LAMINATE PROCESSING POLYMERS AS SUBSTRATE OR AS COATING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT SURFACES CHEMISORPTION REACTIONS OF METAL ATOMS WITH POLYOLE?NS REACTION OF METAL ATOMS WITH O-FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AT POLYMER SURFACES REACTIONS OF METAL ATOMS WITH AMINO GROUPS ON POLYMER SURFACES SILANE AND SILOXANE ADHESION-PROMOTING AGENTS CHEMICAL BONDS BONDS IN POLYMERS COVALENT C—H AND C—C BONDS IN POLYMERS C—C DOUBLE, TRIPLE, CONJUGATED, AND AROMATIC BONDS C—O, C=O, O—C=O, AND O=CO—O BONDS IN POLYMERS N-CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHEMICAL BONDS IN OTHER MATERIALS REACTIONS OF CHEMICAL BONDS DURING PRETREATMENT ALIPHATIC CHAINS PREFORMED DEGRADATION PRODUCTS AND PREFERRED REARRANGEMENT PROCESSES CHEMICAL BONDS AT INTERFACE POLYMER–POLYMER LINKING CARBON–METAL BONDS COVALENT BONDS BETWEEN OXIDES AND POLYMERS INTERFACE BETWEEN POLYMERS AND TRANSITION METALS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AT POLYMER SURFACE AND THEIR REACTIONS OH GROUPS AT SURFACE PRIMARY AMINO GROUPS AT POLYMER SURFACES CARBOXYLIC GROUPS AS ANCHOR POINTS FOR GRAFTED MOLECULES BROMINATION SILANE BONDS CLICK CHEMISTRY ATRP GRAFTING GRAFTING OF FLUORESCENCE MARKERS ONTO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AT POLYOLE?N SURFACES COVALENT LINKING OF SPACER BONDED DYE SENSORS ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES COVALENT LINKING OF SPACER BONDED DYE SENSORS ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES SUPPORTED BY A CUCURBITURIL JACKET GRAFTING OF POLYGLYCEROLS ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES FOR INTRODUCING ANTIFOULING PROPERTY SUMMARY OF COMPLEX STRUCTURES COVALENTLY GRAFTED ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES POLYMERS DEPOSITED ONTO SILICON OR GLASS MOLECULAR ENTANGLEMENT OF MACROMOLECULES OF COATING AND SUBSTRATE AT POLYMER SURFACES (INTERPENETRATING NETWORK AT INTERFACE) PRETREATMENT OF POLYOLE?N SURFACES FOR INTRODUCING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS SITUATION AT POLYOLE?N SURFACES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ATTACKS OF POLYOLE?N SURFACES A FEW GENERAL REMARKS TO THE PRETREATMENT OF POLYOLE?NS INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO POLYOLE?N SURFACES USUAL PRETREATMENT PROCESSES AND THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OXYGEN PLASMA EXPOSURE STRUCTURAL DEGRADATION OF POLYMER ON EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN PLASMA DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS BY EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN PLASMA CROSS-LINKING OF POLYMERS BY PLASMA-EMITTED UV RADIATION SURFACE OXIDATION BY ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMAS (DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE-DBD, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE GLOW DISCHARGE-APGD OR CORONA DISCHARGE, SPARK JET, ETC ) FLAME TREATMENT SILICOATER PROCESS (PYROSIL) LASER ABLATION UV IRRADIATION WITH EXCIMER LAMPS OZONE MECHANICAL PRETREATMENT CRYOGENIC BLASTING SKELETONIZING ROUGHENING FOR MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING AND INCREASING OF SURFACE AREA BY PLASMA AND SPUTTER ETCHING SOLVENT CLEANING SOLVENT WELDING CHEMICAL TREATMENT BY CHROMIC ACID AND CHROMO-SULFURIC ACID CHEMICAL ETCHING AND FUNCTIONALIZING OF FLUORINE-CONTAINING POLYMERS OXY?UORINATION SULFONATION SPUTTERING FOR FILM DEPOSITION CROSS-LINKING AS ADHESION IMPROVING PRETREATMENT (CASING) MONOSORT FUNCTIONALIZATION AND SELECTIVE CHEMICAL REACTIONS WELL-DE?NED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMER SURFACES BY CLASSIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SELECTIVE MONOSORT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMER SURFACES BY OXYGEN PLASMA EXPOSURE AND POST-PLASMA CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR PRODUCING OH GROUPS ADHESION-PROMOTING POLYMER LAYERS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN?UENCE OF PLASMA WATTAGE ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PLASMA POLYMERS PULSED-PLASMA POLYMERIZATION PRESSURE-PULSED PLASMA COPOLYMERIZATION IN PULSED PLASMAS SOME ADDITIONAL DETAILS TO THE MECHANISMS OF PLASMA POLYMERIZATION OFTEN-OBSERVED ABNORMAL SIDE REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE PLASMA ONLY STRUCTURE OF PLASMA POLYMERS USE OF PLASMA POLYMERS AS ADHESION-PROMOTING LAYERS ADHESION PROMOTION OF VERY THICK LAYERS MONOSORT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AT POLYMER SURFACES BROMINATION OF POLYOLE?N SURFACE BY EXPOSURE TO THE BR2 PLASMA BROMOFORM AS PRECURSOR DEPOSITION OF PLASMA POLYMERS CARRYING C—BR GROUPS LOSS IN BROMINE GROUPS BY WET-CHEMICAL PROCESSING OTHER HALOGENATIONS CHLORINATION FLUORINATION IODINATION MEASURING THE ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN HALOFORM PLASMAS COMPARISON OF HALOGENATION PROCESSES C—BR AS ANCHORING POINT FOR GRAFTING FUNCTIONALIZATION OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS GRAFTING ONTO C—BR GROUPS UNDERWATER CAPILLARY DISCHARGE PLASMA OR GLOW DISCHARGE ELECTROLYSIS (GDE) CONCLUSIONS CHEMICAL GRAFTING ONTO MONOSORT FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLE?N SURFACES GENERAL ASPECTS GRAFTING OF SPACERS ONTO RADICALS GRAFTING OF SPACERS AND OLIGOMERS BY REACTION WITH C—OH GROUPS AT THE POLYOLE?N SURFACE GRAFTING OF LINEAR SPACERS AND OLIGOMERS ONTO C—BR GROUPS INTRODUCTION OF SPACERS WITH SILOXANE CAGES (POSS) GRAFTING VIA CLICK REACTION IN?UENCE OF SPACERS ON THE METAL–POLYMER ADHESION CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK TO THE NEW INTERFACE DESIGN PHYSICAL E?ECTS PRODUCED BY COVALENT BONDING OF METAL TO POLYMER INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES ASSOCIATED WITH DAMAGING OF POLYMER STRUCTURE NEAR SURFACE THERMAL EXPANSION COE?CIENTS OF METALS AND POLYMERS DI?ERENCES BETWEEN AL–POLYOLE?N AND POLYOLE?N–AL LAMINATES PROTECTION OF COVALENT METAL–POLYMER BONDS ALONG THE INTERFACE REACTION PAYS FOR GRAFTING SPACER MOLECULES ONTO POLYOLE?N SURFACES SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR METAL DEPOSITION ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM USED WAYS TO INTRODUCE SPACERS FOR MAXIMUM ADHESION SPACER ATTACHMENT ONTO NH2 GROUPS SPACER GRAFTING ONTO OH-GROUPS AT POLYMER SURFACE SPACER ANCHORING ONTO C—BR GROUPS SILANE ATTACHMENT SILANE HYDROLYSIS AND SUBSEQUENT PARTIAL CROSS-LINKING ADHESION STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SHORT TREATISE ON ANALYSIS CHEMICAL FEATURES BULK ANALYSIS INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY UV–VIS SPECTROSCOPY NMR SPECTROSCOPY MALDI- AND ESI-TOF-MS HPLC AND GPC/SEC SURFACE ANALYSIS SAMPLING DEPTH XPS TOF-SIMS SEIRA AND IRRAS