ADVANCES IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
CONTENTS COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR APPLICATION IN PRINTED ELECTRONICS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FILLER MATERIALS 1 3 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 1 4 PREPARATION OF ELECTRONICS MATERIALS FOR PRINTING 1 5 OVERVIEW OF APPLICATION FIELDS 1 5 1 RF APPLICATIONS 1 5 2 SENSORS 1 5 3 ELECTRODES 1 6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES STUDY OF CURRENT-LIMITING DEFECTS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS USING LOW-TEMPERATURE SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 INTRODUCTION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY AND ITS APPLICATION IN DEFECT STUDIES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 2 2 1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF LTSLM 2 2 2 VISUALIZATION OF DEFECT-INDUCED DISSIPATION AND SPATIAL JC DISTRIBUTION 2 2 3 THERMOELECTRIC RESPONSES FROM LTSLM 2 2 4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF LTSLM SYSTEM 2 3 CASE STUDIES OF USING LTSLM TO STUDY DEFECTS IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 2 3 1 REBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS BASED ON ROLLING-ASSISTED BIAXIALLY TEXTURED SUBSTRATE 2 3 2 MOCVD/IBAD REBCO-COATED CONDUCTORS 2 3 3 POLYCRYSTALLINE IRON-BASED SUPERCONDUCTOR 2 3 4 THE APPLICATION OF LTSLM IN STUDY OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 2 4 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCE INNOVATIVE HIGH-TECH CERAMICS MATERIALS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 CERAMIC STRUCTURE 3 2 1 OXIDE STRUCTURES 3 2 1 1 ROCK SALT STRUCTURE 3 2 1 2 WURTZITE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 3 ZINC BLENDE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 4 SPINEL STRUCTURE 3 2 1 5 CORUNDUM STRUCTURE 3 2 1 6 RUTILE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 7 CESIUM CHLORIDE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 8 FLUORITE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 9 ANTIFLUORITE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 10 PEROVSKITE STRUCTURE 3 2 1 11 ILMENITE STRUCTURE 3 2 2 SILICATE STRUCTURES 3 2 2 1 ORTHOSILICATES 3 2 3 CLAY MINERALS 3 2 4 OTHER STRUCTURES 3 2 4 1 GIBBSITE 3 2 4 2 GRAPHITE 3 2 4 3 CARBIDES 3 2 4 4 NITRIDES 3 2 5 GLASSES 3 3 RAW MATERIALS 3 4 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 3 4 1 FORMING AND FIRING 3 4 2 MELTING AND SOLIDIFICATION 3 4 3 NEWER FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 3 5 PROPERTIES 3 6 SOME IMPORTANT ADVANCED CERAMICS 3 6 1 INSULATING CERAMICS/HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVE CERAMICS 3 6 2 SEMICONDUCTIVE CERAMICS 3 6 2 1 PTC THERMISTORS 3 6 2 2 NTC THERMISTORS 3 6 2 3 CERAMIC VARISTORS 3 6 3 IONIC CONDUCTORS/OXYGEN SENSORS 3 6 3 1 OXYGEN SENSORS FOR AUTOMOBILES 3 6 3 2 THICK-FILM-TYPE OXYGEN SENSOR 3 6 3 3 UNIVERSAL EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSOR 3 6 3 4 NOX SENSOR 3 6 3 5 OXYGEN SENSORS FOR INDUSTRY 3 6 4 CERAMIC FUEL CELLS 3 6 5 PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS 3 6 6 DIELECTRIC CERAMICS 3 6 6 1 CERAMIC CAPACITORS 3 6 7 MAGNETIC CERAMICS 3 6 8 OPTOELECTROCERAMICS 3 6 9 SUPERCONDUCTIVE CERAMICS 3 6 10 HIGH-TEMPERATURE HIGH-STRENGTH CERAMICS 3 6 11 POROUS CERAMICS FOR FILTRATION 3 6 12 CERAMIC BEARING 3 6 13 CUTTING TOOLS 3 6 14 CERAMICS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 3 6 14 1 CERAMICS FOR ARTIFICIAL JOINTS 3 6 14 2 CERAMICS FOR ARTIFICIAL BONE 3 6 14 3 BIOACTIVE CEMENTS 3 6 14 4 CERAMICS FOR IN SITU RADIOTHERAPY OF CANCERS 3 6 14 5 CERAMICS FOR IN SITU HYPERTHERMIA THERAPY OF CANCER 3 6 15 DECORATIVE CERAMICS 3 6 16 CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS 3 6 16 1 LI-ION BATTERIES 3 6 17 EXTRUDED CORDIERITE HONEYCOMB CERAMICS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS 3 6 18 COMPOSITES 3 6 18 1 AL2O3–TZP COMPOSITES 3 6 18 2 SIC–SI3N4 COMPOSITES 3 6 18 3 WHISKER COMPOSITES 3 6 18 4 SIC WHISKER–AL2O3 MATRIX COMPOSITES 3 6 18 5 SIC WHISKER–SI3N4 MATRIX COMPOSITES 3 6 18 6 CONTINUOUS FIBER COMPOSITES 3 6 18 7 GLASS MATRIX COMPOSITES 3 6 18 8 CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES 3 6 18 9 SIC/SIC COMPOSITES 3 6 18 10 OXIDE/OXIDE COMPOSITES 3 6 18 11 EUTECTIC COMPOSITES 3 7 CONCLUSIONS CARBON NANOMATERIALS-BASED ENZYMATIC ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSING 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 CARBON NANOMATERIALS 4 2 1 GRAPHENE 4 2 1 1 GRAPHENE-BASED ENZYME BIOSENSORS 4 2 2 CARBON NANOTUBES 4 2 2 1 SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES 4 2 2 2 MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES 4 3 CARBON NANOTUBES PASTE ELECTRODES 4 4 CARBON NANOTUBE-BASED ELECTRODES WITH IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES 4 4 1 ENZYMES ADSORPTION 4 4 2 COVALENT ATTACHMENT 4 4 3 AFFINITY BINDING 4 4 4 ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION 4 4 5 ENCAPSULATION OR ENTRAPMENT 4 5 FULLERENE-MODIFIED ELECTRODE 4 6 CARBON NANOONION (CNO)-MODIFIED ELECTRODE 4 7 CARBON NANODIAMOND-MODIFIED ELECTRODE 4 8 CARBON NANOHORNS-MODIFIED ELECTRODE 4 9 CARBON NANOFIBERS-BASED ELECTRODE 4 10 CARBON NANODOT-BASED ELECTRODE 4 11 ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR 4 11 1 GLUCOSE 4 11 2 DOPAMINE 4 11 3 CHOLESTEROL 4 11 4 CREATININE 4 11 5 BILIRUBIN 4 11 6 ASCORBIC ACID 4 11 7 XANTHINE 4 11 8 HYPOXANTHINE 4 11 9 URIC ACID 4 11 10 AMINO ACID 4 12 CONCLUSIONS 4 13 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT NANOSTRUCTURED CERAMICS AND BIOCERAMICS FOR BONE CANCER TREATMENT 5 1 OVERVIEW 5 2 GENERAL CONCEPTS ONTO BONE CANCER AND BONE METASTASES 5 2 1 BONE CANCER ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 5 2 2 CURRENT AND INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS AND RELATED DRAWBACKS 5 2 3 CHEMOTHERAPY: TRADITIONAL AND INNOVATIVE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS 5 3 INTRINSICALLY ANTICANCER NANOCERAMICS 5 3 1 COLLOIDAL NANOCERAMICS FOR HYPERTHERMIA 5 3 2 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES: PROPERTIES, STRUCTURES AND FABRICATION METHODS 5 3 2 1 SUPERPARAMAGNETIC CORE 5 3 2 2 PROTECTIVE COATING 5 3 2 3 ADDITIONAL SURFACE FUNCTIONALITY 5 3 3 APPLICATION OF IRON OXIDES MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES AS ANTICANCER AGENTS 5 3 4 NANOCERAMICS FOR RADIOTHERAPY 5 4 IMPRINTING ANTICANCER PROPERTIES TO BIOCERAMICS BY CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC FUNCTIONALIZATION 5 4 1 CALCIUM PHOSPHATES-BASED BIOMATERIALS GENERAL FEATURES 5 4 2 CALCIUM PHOSPHATES-BASED BIOMATERIALS AS ANTICANCER DRUGS CARRIERS 5 4 3 SILICA-BASED BIOMATERIALS GENERAL FEATURES 5 4 4 SILICA-BASED BIOMATERIALS AS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS RELEASING AGENTS 5 4 5 CALCIUM PHOSPHATES AND SILICA-BASED BIOMATERIALS AS INJECTABLE BIOCERAMICS 5 5 COMPOSITE MAGNETIC BIOCERAMICS 5 5 1 CALCIUM PHOSPHATES-BASED AND SILICA-BASED MAGNETIC BIOCERAMICS 5 5 2 MAGNETICALLY TRIGGERED DRUG RELEASE NANODEVICES 5 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR BONE REGENERATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOMATERIALS TESTING IN ADEQUATE ANIMAL MODELS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 1 1 AUTOGRAFTS 6 1 2 ALLOGRAFTS 6 1 3 XENOGRAFTS 6 1 4 SYNTHETIC BONE GRAFTS 6 1 5 THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE BIOMATERIALS 6 1 5 1 POROSITY 6 1 5 2 PORE SIZE 6 1 5 3 TOTAL POROUS VOLUME 6 1 5 4 INTERCONNECTIVITY 6 1 5 5 PERCENT POROSITY 6 1 6 STEAM STERILIZATION 6 2 ANIMAL MODELS USED FOR IN VIVO TESTING BONE OF GRAFTING PRODUCTS 6 3 HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSES 6 4 HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS 6 5 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TUNING HYDROXYAPATITE PARTICLES’ CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION OF BONE SCAFFOLDS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 POWDER-BASED SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION OF NATURALLY DERIVED CERAMIC COMPONENTS 7 2 1 PRELIMINARY STEPS 7 2 1 1 PREPARATION OF NATURALLY DERIVED CERAMICS 7 2 1 2 CERAMIC POWDER PROCESSING 7 2 2 POWDER-BASED SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 7 2 2 1 SHORT INTRODUCTION ON SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION 7 2 2 2 POWDER BED FUSION (SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING) 7 2 2 3 BINDER JETTING (TRIDIMENSIONAL PRINTING) 7 2 2 4 MATERIAL EXTRUSION (ROBOCASTING) 7 2 3 ADDITIVES AND ACCESSORIES FOR SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION 7 2 3 1 LASERS 7 2 3 2 BINDERS 7 2 3 3 COATINGS 7 2 4 CERAMIC MATERIALS USED IN SOLID-FREE FABRICATION 7 2 4 1 REQUIREMENTS FOR CERAMIC POWDERS USED IN SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION 7 2 4 2 CALCIUM PHOSPHATES FOR BONE SUBSTITUTION 7 2 5 CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE STEPS FOR SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATED MEDICAL DEVICES 7 2 5 1 SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATED STRUCTURES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 7 2 5 2 POROSITY’S INFLUENCE ON VASCULARIZATION 7 2 5 3 STERILIZATION’S INFLUENCE ON FINAL PRODUCTS’ CHARACTERISTICS 7 3 TUNING OF NATURALLY DERIVED CALCIUM PHOSPHATES FOR SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION 7 3 1 PHASE-TUNING BY SPECIFIC HEAT-TREATMENT OF BOVINE BONE 7 3 1 1 THE HEATING RATE AND HOLDING TIME INFLUENCE 7 3 1 2 TEMPERATURE’S INFLUENCE 7 3 1 3 HEATING ENVIRONMENT’S INFLUENCE 7 3 1 4 COOLING CONDITIONS INFLUENCE 7 3 2 BIOCOMPATIBILITY EVALUATION OF NATURALLY DERIVED BIPHASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATES 7 3 2 1 NON-CLINICAL TRIALS 7 3 2 2 IN VITRO TESTING OF BIPHASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATES DEVELOPED FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 7 3 2 3 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH BIOCOMPATIBILITY TESTING: IN VIVO TRIALS ETHICS 7 4 CONCLUSIONS CARBON NANOTUBES-REINFORCED BIOCERAMIC COMPOSITE: AN ADVANCED COATING MATERIAL FOR ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 MATERIALS AND METHOD 8 2 1 CHEMICALS 8 2 2 SPECIMEN PREPARATION 8 2 3 FUNCTIONALISATION OF CNTS 8 2 4 PREPARATION OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR CNTS-REINFORCED BIOCERAMIC COMPOSITE COATINGS ON TI 8 2 4 1 CNTS-REINFORCED HAP COMPOSITE 8 2 4 2 CNTS-REINFORCED STRONTIUM-SUBSTITUTED HAP (SRHAP), MAGNESIUM-SUBSTITUTED HAP (MGHAP), ZINC-SUBSTITUTED HAP (ZNHAP), AND CNTS-REINFORCED M(SR+MG+ZN) HAP COMPOSITE 8 2 5 ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CNTS-REINFORCED BIOCERAMIC COMPOSITE COATINGS 8 2 6 PULSED ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CNTS/MHAP 8 2 7 CHARACTERIZATION OF CNTS-REINFORCED BIOCERAMIC COMPOSITE COATINGS 8 2 7 1 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES 8 2 7 2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES 8 2 7 3 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES 8 2 7 4 ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS (EDX) 8 2 7 5 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES 8 2 7 6 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES 8 2 7 7 ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 8 2 7 8 MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION 8 2 7 9 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 8 2 7 10 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 8 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8 3 1 CNTS-REINFORCED HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE COATINGS ON TI 8 3 1 1 SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION 8 3 1 2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 8 3 1 3 BIORESISTANCE OF CNTS/HAP COMPOSITE-COATED TI 8 3 1 4 MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION 8 3 1 5 IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES WITH L929 MOUSE FIBROBLAST CELLS 8 3 2 CNTS-REINFORCED MINERALS-SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE COATINGS ON TI 8 3 2 1 SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION 8 3 2 2 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITE COATINGS 8 3 2 3 BIORESISTANCE OF CNTS-REINFORCED MINERALIZED COMPOSITE COATINGS ON TI 8 3 2 4 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF THE CNTS-REINFORCED MINERALIZED HAP COMPOSITE COATINGS 8 3 2 5 ICPAES ANALYSIS 8 3 3 CNTS-REINFORCED MULTIMINERALS-SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE COATINGS ON TI BY PULSED ELECTRODEPOSITION 8 3 3 1 MORPHOLOGICAL RESULTS AND ELEMENTAL MAPPING ANALYSIS 8 3 3 2 MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS 8 3 3 3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS 8 4 CONCLUSION