ENGINEERING MATERIALS

By L. MIKAN

CONTENTS REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS SYSTEMS, SURROUNDINGS, AND WORK THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OTHER THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS DE?NING OTHER FORMS OF WORK EQUILIBRIUM STATE EXERCISES THERMODYNAMICS OF UNARY SYSTEMS STANDARD STATE PROPERTIES THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE GASES CONDENSED PHASES THE GIBBS–DUHEM EQUATION EXPERIMENTAL METHODS CALCULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF UNARY SYSTEMS CONSTANT-PRESSURE/CONSTANT-VOLUME CONVERSIONS EXCITATIONS IN GASES PERFECT MONATOMIC GAS MOLECULAR GASES EXCITATIONS IN PURE SOLIDS THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A PURE SOLID INADEQUACIES OF THE MODEL PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN UNARY SYSTEMS THE THERMODYNAMIC CONDITION FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM PHASE CHANGES THE SLOPES OF BOUNDARIES IN PHASE DIAGRAMS GIBBS ENERGY CHANGES FOR PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS STABILITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA GIBBS’S PHASE RULE THERMODYNAMICS OF BINARY SOLUTIONS I: BASIC THEORY AND APPLICATION TO GAS MIXTURES EXPRESSING COMPOSITION TOTAL (INTEGRAL) AND PARTIAL MOLAR QUANTITIES RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTIAL AND INTEGRAL QUANTITIES RELATION BETWEEN PARTIAL QUANTITIES: THE GIBBS–DUHEM EQUATION APPLICATION TO GAS MIXTURES PARTIAL PRESSURES CHEMICAL POTENTIALS IN PERFECT GAS MIXTURES REAL GAS MIXTURES: COMPONENT FUGACITIES AND ACTIVITIES THERMODYNAMICS OF BINARY SOLUTIONS II: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IDEAL SOLUTIONS REAL SOLUTIONS DILUTE SOLUTION REFERENCE STATES CHEMICAL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS THERMODYNAMICS OF BINARY SOLUTIONS III: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THEIR ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS LIQUID ALLOYS SOLID ALLOYS ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION OF RESULTS FOR LIQUID OR SOLID SOLUTIONS TWO-PHASE EQUILIBRIUM I: THEORY INTRODUCTION CRITERION FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN TWO SPECI?ED PHASES EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN TWO SOLUTION PHASES EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN A SOLUTION PHASE AND A STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOUND PHASE TWO-PHASE EQUILIBRIUM II: EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS: TEMPERATURE–COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS TRUE PHASE DIAGRAMS T –XI PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR STRICTLY REGULAR SOLUTIONS SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS MORE ON MISCIBILITY GAPS THE CHEMICAL SPINODAL POLYMORPHISM BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS: TEMPERATURE–CHEMICAL POTENTIAL DIAGRAMS SOME GENERAL POINTS PHASE DIAGRAM TOPOLOGY COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS SCHREINEMAKER’S RULES THE GIBBS–KONOVALOV EQUATIONS SLOPES OF T –?I PHASE BOUNDARIES SLOPES OF T –XI PHASE BOUNDARIES SOME APPLICATIONS OF GIBBS–KONOVALOV EQUATIONS SOLUTION PHASE MODELS I: CON?GURATIONAL ENTROPIES SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLUTIONS INTERMEDIATE PHASES INTERSTITIAL SOLUTIONS SOLUTION PHASE MODELS II: CON?GURATIONAL ENERGY PAIR INTERACTION MODEL GROUND-STATE STRUCTURES NEAREST NEIGHBOR MODEL CLUSTER MODEL SOLUTION MODELS III: THE CON?GURATIONAL FREE ENERGY HELMHOLTZ ENERGY MINIMIZATION CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR ORDER/DISORDER SOLUTION MODELS IV: TOTAL GIBBS ENERGY ATOMIC SIZE MISMATCH CONTRIBUTIONS CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THERMAL EXCITATIONS COUPLING BETWEEN CON?GURATIONAL AND THERMAL EXCITATIONS THE TOTAL GIBBS ENERGY IN EMPIRICAL MODEL CALCULATIONS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA I: SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION EQUATIONS THE EMPIRICAL EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT THE STANDARD EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT RELATION TO RG? MEASUREMENT OF RG? CALCULATING THE EQUILIBRIUM POSITION APPLICATION OF THE PHASE RULE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA II: COMPLEX GAS EQUILIBRIA THE IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM DE?NITION CALCULATION OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING THE EXTENT OF REACTION USING LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIERS EVALUATION OF ELEMENTAL CHEMICAL POTENTIALS IN COMPLEX GAS MIXTURES CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN GASEOUS AND CONDENSED PHASES I GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF STANDARD THERMOCHEMICAL DATA ELLINGHAM DIAGRAMS CHEMICAL POTENTIALS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN GASEOUS AND CONDENSED PHASES II SUBSIDIARY SCALES ON ELLINGHAM DIAGRAMS SYSTEM DE?NITION THERMODYNAMICS OF TERNARY SYSTEMS ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLUTION PHASES SUBLATTICE PHASES PHASE EQUILIBRIA GENERALIZED PHASE DIAGRAMS FOR TERNARY SYSTEMS