ASM HANDBOOK: FRICTION, LUBRICATION, AND WEAR TECHNOLOGY
1 Introduction 1 11 Definition and History of Tribology 1 12 Industrial Significance of Tribology 3 13 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology 4 14 Organization of the Book 6 References 7 2 Structure and Properties of Solids 9 21 Introduction 9 22 Atomic Structure, Bonding and Coordination 9 221 Individual Atoms and Ions 9 222 Molecules, Bonding and Atomic Coordination 13 23 Crystalline Structures 33 231 Planar Structures 33 232 Nonplanar Structures 39 24 Disorder in Solid Structures 41 241 Point Defects 41 242 Line Defects (Dislocations) 41 243 Surfaces/Internal Boundaries 44 244 Solid Solutions 45 25 Atomic Vibrations and Diffusions 45 26 Phase Diagrams 46 27 Microstructures 48 28 Elastic and Plastic Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue 49 281 Elastic Deformation 51 282 Plastic Deformation 53 283 Plastic Deformation Mechanisms 56 284 Fracture 62 285 Fatigue 68 29 Time-Dependent Viscoelastic/Viscoplastic Deformation 74 291 Description of Time-Dependent Deformation Experiments 77 Problems 80 References 81 Further Reading 82 3 Solid Surface Characterization 83 31 The Nature of Surfaces 83 32 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers 84 321 Deformed Layer 84 322 Chemically Reacted Layer 85 323 Physisorbed Layer 86 324 Chemisorbed Layer 87 325 Surface Tension, Surface Energy, and Wetting 87 326 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers 90 33 Analysis of Surface Roughness 90 331 Average Roughness Parameters 92 332 Statistical Analyses 99 333 Fractal Characterization 125 334 Practical Considerations in the Measurement of Roughness Parameters 127 34 Measurement of Surface Roughness 131 341 Mechanical Stylus Method 133 342 Optical Methods 137 343 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods 155 344 Fluid Methods 163 345 Electrical Method 166 346 Electron Microscopy Methods 166 347 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution 168 348 Comparison of Measurement Methods 168 35 Closure 174 Problems 175 References 176 Further Reading 179 4 Contact between Solid Surfaces 181 41 Introduction 181 42 Analysis of the Contacts 182 421 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids 182 422 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional Contacts 199 423 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts 209 43 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact 251 431 Review of Measurement Techniques 251 432 Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques 255 433 Typical Measurements 259 44 Closure 262 Problems 264 References 265 Further Reading 269 5 Adhesion 271 51 Introduction 271 52 Solid–Solid Contact 272 521 Covalent Bond 276 522 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond 276 523 Metallic Bond 277 524 Hydrogen Bond 278 525 Van der Waals Bond 278 526 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion 279 527 Polymer Adhesion 287 53 Liquid-Mediated Contact 288 531 Idealized Geometries 290 532 Multiple-Asperity Contacts 305 54 Closure 316 Problems 317 References 317 Further Reading 320 6 Friction 321 61 Introduction 321 62 Solid–Solid Contact 323 621 Rules of Sliding Friction 323 622 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction 328 623 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction 349 624 Friction Transitions During Sliding 354 625 Static Friction 356 626 Stick-Slip 358 627 Rolling Friction 362 63 Liquid-Mediated Contact 366 64 Friction of Materials 369 641 Friction of Metals and Alloys 371 642 Friction of Ceramics 375 643 Friction of Polymers 380 644 Friction of Solid Lubricants 383 65 Closure 392 Problems 396 References 397 Further Reading 400 7 Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces 403 71 Introduction 403 72 Thermal Analysis 404 721 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions 405 722 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar /Aa ? 1) (Individual Contact) 406 723 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar /Aa 1) (Multiple-Asperity Contact) 415 73 Interface Temperature Measurements 431 731 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors 431 732 Radiation Detection Techniques 434 733 Metallographic Techniques 440 734 Liquid Crystals 441 74 Closure 442 Problems 444 References 444