APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
CONTENTS UNIT I FIRST AND SECOND LAWS CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 11 INTRODUCTION 12 THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF ENERGY, TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE EXAMPLE 11 THE ENERGY DERIVED FROM INTERMOLECULAR POTENTIALS EXAMPLE 12 INTERMOLECULAR POTENTIALS FOR MIXTURES 13 THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF ENTROPY 14 BASIC CONCEPTS 15 REAL FLUIDS AND TABULATED PROPERTIES EXAMPLE 13 INTRODUCTION TO STEAM TABLES EXAMPLE 14 INTERPOLATION EXAMPLE 15 DOUBLE INTERPOLATION EXAMPLE 16 DOUBLE INTERPOLATION USING DIFFERENT TABLES EXAMPLE 17 DOUBLE INTERPOLATION USING EXCEL EXAMPLE 18 QUALITY CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 19 CONSTANT VOLUME COOLING 16 SUMMARY 17 PRACTICE PROBLEMS CONTENTS 18 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2 THE ENERGY BALANCE 21 EXPANSION/CONTRACTION WORK 22 SHAFT WORK 23 WORK ASSOCIATED WITH FLOW 24 LOST WORK VERSUS REVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 21 ISOTHERMAL REVERSIBLE COMPRESSION OF AN IDEAL GAS 25 HEAT FLOW 26 PATH PROPERTIES AND STATE PROPERTIES EXAMPLE 22 WORK AS A PATH FUNCTION 27 THE CLOSED-SYSTEM ENERGY BALANCE EXAMPLE 23 INTERNAL ENERGY AND HEAT 28 THE OPEN-SYSTEM, STEADY-STATE BALANCE EXAMPLE 24 PUMP WORK FOR COMPRESSING H2O 29 THE COMPLETE ENERGY BALANCE 210 INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND HEAT CAPACITIES EXAMPLE 25 ENTHALPY CHANGE OF AN IDEAL GAS: INTEGRATING CP IG(T) EXAMPLE 26 ENTHALPY OF COMPRESSED LIQUID EXAMPLE 27 ADIABATIC COMPRESSION OF AN IDEAL GAS IN A PISTON/CYLINDER 211 REFERENCE STATES EXAMPLE 28 ACETONE ENTHALPY USING VARIOUS REFERENCE STATES 212 KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY EXAMPLE 29 COMPARING CHANGES IN KINETIC ENERGY, POTENTIAL ENERGY, ? INTERNAL ENERGY, AND ENTHALPY EXAMPLE 210 TRANSFORMATION OF KINETIC ENERGY INTO ENTHALPY 213 ENERGY BALANCES FOR PROCESS EQUIPMENT 214 STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING PROCESS THERMODYNAMICS PROBLEMS 215 CLOSED AND STEADY-STATE OPEN SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 211 ADIABATIC, REVERSIBLE EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 212 CONTINUOUS ADIABATIC, REVERSIBLE COMPRESSION OF AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 213 CONTINUOUS, ISOTHERMAL, REVERSIBLE COMPRESSION OF AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 214 HEAT LOSS FROM A TURBINE 216 UNSTEADY-STATE OPEN SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 215 ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS FROM A LEAKY TANK EXAMPLE 216 ADIABATICALLY FILLING A TANK WITH AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 217 ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF STEAM FROM A LEAKY TANK 217 DETAILS OF TERMS IN THE ENERGY BALANCE 218 SUMMARY 219 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 220 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 3 ENERGY BALANCES FOR COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 31 HEAT ENGINES AND HEAT PUMPS – THE CARNOT CYCLE EXAMPLE 31 ANALYZING HEAT PUMPS FOR HOUSING 32 DISTILLATION COLUMNS EXAMPLE 32 START-UP FOR A DISTILLATION COLUMN 33 INTRODUCTION TO MIXTURE PROPERTIES 34 IDEAL GAS MIXTURE PROPERTIES CONTENTS 35 MIXTURE PROPERTIES FOR IDEAL SOLUTIONS EXAMPLE 33 CONDENSATION OF A VAPOR STREAM 36 ENERGY BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 34 STOICHIOMETRY AND THE REACTION COORDINATE EXAMPLE 35 USING THE REACTION COORDINATES FOR SIMULTANEOUS REACTIONS EXAMPLE 36 REACTOR ENERGY BALANCES 37 REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 38 SUMMARY 39 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 310 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4 ENTROPY 41 THE CONCEPT OF ENTROPY 42 THE MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF ENTROPY EXAMPLE 41 ENTROPY CHANGE AND “LOST WORK” IN A GAS EXPANSION EXAMPLE 42 STIRLING’S APPROXIMATION IN THE EINSTEIN SOLID 43 THE MACROSCOPIC VIEW OF ENTROPY EXAMPLE 43 ADIABATIC, REVERSIBLE EXPANSION OF STEAM EXAMPLE 44 A CARNOT CYCLE BASED ON STEAM EXAMPLE 45 IDEAL GAS ENTROPY CHANGES IN AN ADIABATIC, REVERSIBLE EXPANSION EXAMPLE 46 IDEAL GAS ENTROPY CHANGE: INTEGRATING CP IG(T) EXAMPLE 47 ENTROPY GENERATION AND “LOST WORK” EXAMPLE 48 ENTROPY GENERATION IN A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 44 THE ENTROPY BALANCE EXAMPLE 49 ENTROPY BALANCES FOR STEADY-STATE COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 45 INTERNAL REVERSIBILITY 46 ENTROPY BALANCES FOR PROCESS EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE 410 ENTROPY GENERATION BY QUENCHING EXAMPLE 411 ENTROPY IN A HEAT EXCHANGER EXAMPLE 412 ISENTROPIC EXPANSION IN A NOZZLE 47 TURBINE, COMPRESSOR, AND PUMP EFFICIENCY 48 VISUALIZING ENERGY AND ENTROPY CHANGES 49 TURBINE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 413 VARIOUS CASES OF TURBINE OUTLET CONDITIONS EXAMPLE 414 TURBINE EFFICIENCY CALCULATION EXAMPLE 415 TURBINE INLET CALCULATION GIVEN EFFICIENCY AND OUTLET 410 PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS EXAMPLE 416 ISOTHERMAL REVERSIBLE COMPRESSION OF STEAM EXAMPLE 417 COMPRESSION OF R134A USING P-H CHART 411 STRATEGIES FOR APPLYING THE ENTROPY BALANCE 412 OPTIMUM WORK AND HEAT TRANSFER EXAMPLE 418 MINIMUM HEAT AND WORK OF PURIFICATION 413 THE IRREVERSIBILITY OF BIOLOGICAL LIFE 414 UNSTEADY-STATE OPEN SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 419 ENTROPY CHANGE IN A LEAKY TANK EXAMPLE 420 AN IDEAL GAS LEAKING THROUGH A TURBINE (UNSTEADY STATE) 415 THE ENTROPY BALANCE IN BRIEF 416 SUMMARY 417 PRACTICE PROBLEMS CONTENTS 418 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 5 THERMODYNAMICS OF PROCESSES 51 THE CARNOT STEAM CYCLE 52 THE RANKINE CYCLE EXAMPLE 51 RANKINE CYCLE 53 RANKINE MODIFICATIONS EXAMPLE 52 A RANKINE CYCLE WITH REHEAT EXAMPLE 53 REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE 54 REFRIGERATION EXAMPLE 54 REFRIGERATION BY VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE 55 LIQUEFACTION EXAMPLE 55 LIQUEFACTION OF METHANE BY THE LINDE PROCESS 56 ENGINES 57 FLUID FLOW 58 PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES 59 SUMMARY 510 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 511 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS UNIT II GENERALIZED ANALYSIS OF FLUID PROPERTIES CHAPTER 6 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS — ? GENERALIZATIONS FOR ANY FLUID 61 THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY RELATION 62 DERIVATIVE RELATIONS EXAMPLE 61 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF H EXAMPLE 62 ENTROPY CHANGE WITH RESPECT TO T AT CONSTANT P EXAMPLE 63 ENTROPY AS A FUNCTION OF T AND P EXAMPLE 64 ENTROPY CHANGE FOR AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 65 ENTROPY CHANGE FOR A SIMPLE NONIDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 66 ACCOUNTING FOR T AND V IMPACTS ON ENERGY EXAMPLE 67 THE RELATION BETWEEN HELMHOLTZ ENERGY AND INTERNAL ENERGY EXAMPLE 68 A QUANTUM EXPLANATION OF LOW T HEAT CAPACITY EXAMPLE 69 VOLUMETRIC DEPENDENCE OF CV FOR IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 610 APPLICATION OF THE TRIPLE PRODUCT RELATION EXAMPLE 611 MASTER EQUATION FOR AN IDEAL GAS EXAMPLE 612 RELATING CP TO CV 63 ADVANCED TOPICS 64 SUMMARY 65 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 66 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 7 ENGINEERING EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR ? PVT PROPERTIES 71 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 72 THREE-PARAMETER CORRESPONDING STATES 73 GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR CHARTS CONTENTS EXAMPLE 71 APPLICATION OF THE GENERALIZED CHARTS 74 THE VIRIAL EQUATION OF STATE EXAMPLE 72 APPLICATION OF THE VIRIAL EQUATION 75 CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE 76 SOLVING THE CUBIC EQUATION OF STATE FOR Z EXAMPLE 73 PENG-ROBINSON SOLUTION BY HAND CALCULATION EXAMPLE 74 THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION FOR MOLAR VOLUME EXAMPLE 75 APPLICATION OF THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION 77 IMPLICATIONS OF REAL FLUID BEHAVIOR EXAMPLE 76 DERIVATIVES OF THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION 78 MATCHING THE CRITICAL POINT EXAMPLE 77 CRITICAL PARAMETERS FOR THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION 79 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF EQUATIONS OF STATE: CONCEPTS AND NOTATION EXAMPLE 78 ESTIMATING MOLECULAR SIZE EXAMPLE 79 CHARACTERIZING MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS 710 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF EQUATIONS OF STATE: MOLECULAR SIMULATION EXAMPLE 710 COMPUTING MOLECULAR COLLISIONS IN 2D EXAMPLE 711 EQUATIONS OF STATE FROM TRENDS IN MOLECULAR SIMULATIONS 711 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF EQUATIONS OF STATE: ANALYTICAL THEORIES EXAMPLE 712 DERIVING YOUR OWN EQUATION OF STATE 712 SUMMARY 713 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 714 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 8 DEPARTURE FUNCTIONS 81 THE DEPARTURE FUNCTION PATHWAY 82 INTERNAL ENERGY DEPARTURE FUNCTION EXAMPLE 81 INTERNAL ENERGY DEPARTURE FROM THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION 83 ENTROPY DEPARTURE FUNCTION 84 OTHER DEPARTURE FUNCTIONS 85 SUMMARY OF DENSITY-DEPENDENT FORMULAS 86 PRESSURE-DEPENDENT FORMULAS 87 IMPLEMENTATION OF DEPARTURE FORMULAS EXAMPLE 82 REAL ENTROPY IN A COMBUSTION ENGINE EXAMPLE 83 COMPRESSION OF METHANE USING THE VIRIAL EQUATION EXAMPLE 84 COMPUTING ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY DEPARTURES FROM THE ? PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 85 ENTHALPY DEPARTURE FOR THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 86 GIBBS DEPARTURE FOR THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 87 U AND S DEPARTURE FOR THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION 88 REFERENCE STATES EXAMPLE 88 ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY FROM THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 89 LIQUEFACTION REVISITED EXAMPLE 810 ADIABATICALLY FILLING A TANK WITH PROPANE 89 GENERALIZED CHARTS FOR THE ENTHALPY DEPARTURE 810 SUMMARY 811 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 812 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CONTENTS CHAPTER 9 PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN A PURE FLUID 91 CRITERIA FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 92 THE CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION EXAMPLE 91 CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION NEAR OR BELOW THE BOILING POINT 93 SHORTCUT ESTIMATION OF SATURATION PROPERTIES EXAMPLE 92 VAPOR PRESSURE INTERPOLATION EXAMPLE 93 APPLICATION OF THE SHORTCUT VAPOR PRESSURE EQUATION EXAMPLE 94 GENERAL APPLICATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION 94 CHANGES IN GIBBS ENERGY WITH PRESSURE 95 FUGACITY AND FUGACITY COEFFICIENT 96 FUGACITY CRITERIA FOR PHASE EQUILIBRIA 97 CALCULATION OF FUGACITY (GASES) 98 CALCULATION OF FUGACITY (LIQUIDS) EXAMPLE 95 VAPOR AND LIQUID FUGACITIES USING THE VIRIAL EQUATION 99 CALCULATION OF FUGACITY (SOLIDS) 910 SATURATION CONDITIONS FROM AN EQUATION OF STATE EXAMPLE 96 VAPOR PRESSURE FROM THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 97 ACENTRIC FACTOR FOR THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION EXAMPLE 98 VAPOR PRESSURE USING EQUAL AREA RULE 911 STABLE ROOTS AND SATURATION CONDITIONS 912 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON G AND F 913 SUMMARY 914 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 915 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS UNIT III FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN MIXTURES CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION TO MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS 101 INTRODUCTION TO PHASE DIAGRAMS 102 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (VLE) CALCULATIONS 103 BINARY VLE USING RAOULT’S LAW 104 MULTICOMPONENT VLE RAOULT’S LAW CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 101 BUBBLE AND DEW TEMPERATURES AND ISOTHERMAL FLASH OF IDEAL SOLUTIONS EXAMPLE 102 ADIABATIC FLASH 105 EMISSIONS AND SAFETY 106 RELATING VLE TO DISTILLATION 107 NONIDEAL SYSTEMS 108 CONCEPTS FOR GENERALIZED PHASE EQUILIBRIA 109 MIXTURE PROPERTIES FOR IDEAL GASES 1010 MIXTURE PROPERTIES FOR IDEAL SOLUTIONS 1011 THE IDEAL SOLUTION APPROXIMATION AND RAOULT’S LAW 1012 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT AND FUGACITY COEFFICIENT APPROACHES 1013 SUMMARY 1014 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1015 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 11 AN INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVITY MODELS 111 MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW AND EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY CONTENTS EXAMPLE 111 GIBBS EXCESS ENERGY FOR SYSTEM 2-PROPANOL ? WATER 112 CALCULATIONS USING ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS EXAMPLE 112 VLE PREDICTIONS FROM THE MARGULES EQUATION EXAMPLE 113 GIBBS EXCESS CHARACTERIZATION BY MATCHING THE BUBBLE POINT EXAMPLE 114 PREDICTING THE MARGULES PARAMETER WITH THE MAB MODEL 113 DERIVING MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW 114 EXCESS PROPERTIES 115 MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW AND EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY 116 REDLICH-KISTER AND THE TWO-PARAMETER MARGULES MODELS EXAMPLE 115 FITTING ONE MEASUREMENT WITH THE TWO-PARAMETER MARGULES EQUATION EXAMPLE 116 DEW PRESSURE USING THE TWO-PARAMETER MARGULES EQUATION 117 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS AT SPECIAL COMPOSITIONS EXAMPLE 117 AZEOTROPE FITTING WITH BUBBLE-TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS 118 PRELIMINARY INDICATIONS OF VLLE 119 FITTING ACTIVITY MODELS TO MULTIPLE DATA EXAMPLE 118 FITTING PARAMETERS USING NONLINEAR LEAST SQUARES 1110 RELATIONS FOR PARTIAL MOLAR PROPERTIES EXAMPLE 119 HEATS OF MIXING WITH THE MARGULES TWO-PARAMETER MODEL 1111 DISTILLATION AND RELATIVE VOLATILITY OF NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS EXAMPLE 1110 SUSPECTING AN AZEOTROPE 1112 LEWIS-RANDALL RULE AND HENRY’S LAW EXAMPLE 1111 SOLUBILITY OF CO2 BY HENRY’S LAW EXAMPLE 1112 HENRY’S CONSTANT FOR CO2 WITH THE MAB/SCVP+ MODEL 1113 OSMOTIC PRESSURE EXAMPLE 1113 OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF BSA EXAMPLE 1114 OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND ELECTROPORATION OF E COLI 1114 SUMMARY 1115 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1116 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 12 VAN DER WAALS ACTIVITY MODELS 121 THE VAN DER WAALS PERSPECTIVE FOR MIXTURES 122 THE VAN LAAR MODEL EXAMPLE 121 INFINITE DILUTION ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS FROM THE VAN LAAR THEORY 123 SCATCHARD-HILDEBRAND THEORY EXAMPLE 122 VLE PREDICTIONS USING THE SCATCHARD-HILDEBRAND THEORY 124 THE FLORY-HUGGINS MODEL EXAMPLE 123 DERIVING ACTIVITY MODELS INVOLVING VOLUME FRACTIONS EXAMPLE 124 SCATCHARD-HILDEBRAND VERSUS VAN LAAR THEORY FOR METHANOL?? BENZENE EXAMPLE 125 POLYMER MIXING 125 MOSCED AND SSCED THEORIES EXAMPLE 126 PREDICTING VLE WITH THE SSCED MODEL 126 MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE AND VLE PREDICTIONS 127 MULTICOMPONENT EXTENSIONS OF VAN DER WAALS’ MODELS EXAMPLE 127 MULTICOMPONENT VLE USING THE SSCED MODEL EXAMPLE 128 ENTRAINER SELECTION FOR GASOHOL PRODUCTION 128 FLORY-HUGGINS AND VAN DER WAALS THEORIES 129 SUMMARY 1210 PRACTICE PROBLEMS CONTENTS 1211 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 13 LOCAL COMPOSITION ACTIVITY MODELS EXAMPLE 131 VLE PREDICTION USING UNIFAC ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 131 LOCAL COMPOSITION THEORY EXAMPLE 132 LOCAL COMPOSITIONS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE 132 WILSON’S EQUATION EXAMPLE 133 APPLICATION OF WILSON’S EQUATION TO VLE 133 NRTL 134 UNIQUAC EXAMPLE 134 COMBINATORIAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT 135 UNIFAC EXAMPLE 135 CALCULATION OF GROUP MOLE FRACTIONS EXAMPLE 136 DETAILED CALCULATIONS OF ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS VIA UNIFAC 136 COSMO-RS METHODS EXAMPLE 137 CALCULATION OF ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS USING COSMO-RS/SAC 137 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF SOLUTION MODELS 138 SUMMARY 139 IMPORTANT EQUATIONS 1310 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1311 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 14 LIQUID-LIQUID AND SOLID-LIQUID ? PHASE EQUILIBRIA 141 THE ONSET OF LIQUID-LIQUID INSTABILITY EXAMPLE 141 SIMPLE VAPOR-LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (VLLE) CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 142 LLE PREDICTIONS USING FLORY-HUGGINS THEORY: POLYMER MIXING 142 STABILITY AND EXCESS GIBBS ENERGY 143 BINARY LLE BY GRAPHING THE GIBBS ENERGY OF MIXING EXAMPLE 143 LLE PREDICTIONS BY GRAPHING 144 LLE USING ACTIVITIES EXAMPLE 144 THE BINARY LLE ALGORITHM USING MAB AND SSCED MODELS 145 VLLE WITH IMMISCIBLE COMPONENTS EXAMPLE 145 STEAM DISTILLATION 146 BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 147 PLOTTING TERNARY LLE DATA 148 CRITICAL POINTS IN BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES EXAMPLE 146 LIQUID-LIQUID CRITICAL POINT OF THE MARGULES ONE-PARAMETER MODEL EXAMPLE 147 LIQUID-LIQUID CRITICAL POINT OF THE FLORY-HUGGINS MODEL 149 NUMERICAL PROCEDURES FOR BINARY, TERNARY LLE 1410 SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA EXAMPLE 148 VARIATION OF SOLID SOLUBILITY WITH TEMPERATURE EXAMPLE 149 EUTECTIC BEHAVIOR OF CHLORONITROBENZENES EXAMPLE 1410 EUTECTIC BEHAVIOR OF BENZENE ? PHENOL EXAMPLE 1411 PRECIPITATION BY ADDING ANTISOLVENT EXAMPLE 1412 WAX PRECIPITATION 1411 SUMMARY 1412 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1413 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CONTENTS CHAPTER 15 PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN MIXTURES ? BY AN EQUATION OF STATE 151 MIXING RULES FOR EQUATIONS OF STATE EXAMPLE 151 THE VIRIAL EQUATION FOR VAPOR MIXTURES 152 FUGACITY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL FROM AN EOS EXAMPLE 152 K-VALUES FROM THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION 153 DIFFERENTIATION OF MIXING RULES EXAMPLE 153 FUGACITY COEFFICIENT FROM THE VIRIAL EQUATION EXAMPLE 154 FUGACITY COEFFICIENT FROM THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION EXAMPLE 155 FUGACITY COEFFICIENT FROM THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION 154 VLE CALCULATIONS BY AN EQUATION OF STATE EXAMPLE 156 BUBBLE-POINT PRESSURE FROM THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 157 ISOTHERMAL FLASH USING THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION EXAMPLE 158 PHASE DIAGRAM FOR AZEOTROPIC METHANOL ? BENZENE EXAMPLE 159 PHASE DIAGRAM FOR NITROGEN + METHANE EXAMPLE 1510 ETHANE + HEPTANE PHASE ENVELOPES 155 STRATEGIES FOR APPLYING VLE ROUTINES 156 SUMMARY 157 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 158 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 16 ADVANCED PHASE DIAGRAMS 161 PHASE BEHAVIOR SECTIONS OF 3D OBJECTS 162 CLASSIFICATION OF BINARY PHASE BEHAVIOR 163 RESIDUE CURVES 164 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 165 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS UNIT IV REACTION EQUILIBRIA CHAPTER 17 REACTION EQUILIBRIA 171 INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE 171 COMPUTING THE REACTION COORDINATE 172 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM CONSTRAINT 173 THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 174 THE STANDARD STATE GIBBS ENERGY OF REACTION EXAMPLE 172 CALCULATION OF STANDARD STATE GIBBS ENERGY OF REACTION 175 EFFECTS OF PRESSURE, INERTS, AND FEED RATIOS EXAMPLE 173 BUTADIENE PRODUCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF INERTS 176 DETERMINING THE SPONTANEITY OF REACTIONS 177 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF KA EXAMPLE 174 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE 178 SHORTCUT ESTIMATION OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS EXAMPLE 175 APPLICATION OF THE SHORTCUT VAN’T HOFF EQUATION 179 VISUALIZING MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 1710 SOLVING EQUILIBRIA FOR MULTIPLE REACTIONS EXAMPLE 176 SIMULTANEOUS REACTIONS THAT CAN BE SOLVED BY HAND EXAMPLE 177 SOLVING MULTIREACTION EQUILIBRIA WITH EXCEL CONTENTS 1711 DRIVING REACTIONS BY CHEMICAL COUPLING EXAMPLE 178 CHEMICAL COUPLING TO INDUCE CONVERSION 1712 ENERGY BALANCES FOR REACTIONS EXAMPLE 179 ADIABATIC REACTION IN AN AMMONIA REACTOR 1713 LIQUID COMPONENTS IN REACTIONS EXAMPLE 1710 OLIGOMERIZATION OF LACTIC ACID 1714 SOLID COMPONENTS IN REACTIONS EXAMPLE 1711 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF METHANE 1715 RATE PERSPECTIVES IN REACTION EQUILIBRIA 1716 ENTROPY GENERATION VIA REACTIONS 1717 GIBBS MINIMIZATION EXAMPLE 1712 BUTADIENE BY GIBBS MINIMIZATION EXAMPLE 1713 DIRECT MINIMIZATION OF THE GIBBS ENERGY WITH EXCEL EXAMPLE 1714 PRESSURE EFFECTS FOR GIBBS ENERGY MINIMIZATION 1718 REACTION MODELING WITH LIMITED DATA 1719 SIMULTANEOUS REACTION AND VLE EXAMPLE 1715 THE SOLVENT METHANOL PROCESS EXAMPLE 1716 NO2 ABSORPTION 1720 SUMMARY 1721 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1722 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 18 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS 181 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS 182 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES EXAMPLE 181 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION EXAMPLE 182 EXAMPLE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE EXAMPLE 183 EXAMPLE OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION 183 SPECIATION AND THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT 184 CONCENTRATION SCALES AND STANDARD STATES 185 THE DEFINITION OF PH 186 THERMODYNAMIC NETWORK FOR ELECTROLYTE EQUILIBRIA 187 PERSPECTIVES ON SPECIATION 188 ACIDS AND BASES EXAMPLE 184 DISSOCIATION OF FLUCONAZOLE 189 SILLÈN DIAGRAM SOLUTION METHOD EXAMPLE 185 SILLÈN DIAGRAM FOR HOAC AND NAOAC EXAMPLE 186 PHOSPHATE SALT AND STRONG ACID EXAMPLE 187 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN GLYCINE SOLUTION 1810 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLE 188 DISSOCIATION AND SOLUBILITY OF FLUCONAZOLE 1811 REDOX REACTIONS EXAMPLE 189 ALKALINE DRY-CELL BATTERY 1812 BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS EXAMPLE 1810 ATP HYDROLYSIS EXAMPLE 1811 BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL 1813 NONIDEAL ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS: BACKGROUND 1814 OVERVIEW OF MODEL DEVELOPMENT 1815 THE EXTENDED DEBYE-HÜCKEL ACTIVITY MODEL CONTENTS 1816 GIBBS ENERGIES FOR ELECTROLYTES 1817 TRANSFORMED BIOLOGICAL GIBBS ENERGIES AND APPARENT EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS EXAMPLE 1812 GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR ATP 1818 COUPLED MULTIREACTION AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA EXAMPLE 1813 CHLORINE ? WATER ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS 1819 MEAN IONIC ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS 1820 EXTENDING ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS 1821 SUMMARY 1822 SUPPLEMENT 1: INTERCONVERSION OF CONCENTRATION SCALES 1823 SUPPLEMENT 2: RELATION OF APPARENT CHEMICAL POTENTIAL TO SPECIES POTENTIALS 1824 SUPPLEMENT 3: STANDARD STATES 1825 SUPPLEMENT 4: CONVERSION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 1826 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1827 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 19 MOLECULAR ASSOCIATION AND SOLVATION 191 INTRODUCING THE CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTION 192 EQUILIBRIUM CRITERIA 193 BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR BINARY SYSTEMS 194 IDEAL CHEMICAL THEORY FOR BINARY SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 191 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS IN ASSOCIATING/SOLVATING SYSTEMS EXAMPLE 192 DIMERIZATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS EXAMPLE 193 ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN A SOLVATED SYSTEM 195 CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL THEORY 196 WERTHEIM’S THEORY FOR COMPLEX MIXTURES EXAMPLE 194 THE CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE EQUATION OF STATE 197 MASS BALANCES FOR CHAIN ASSOCIATION EXAMPLE 195 MOLECULES OF H2O IN A 100 ML BEAKER 198 THE CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE FUGACITY COEFFICIENT AND COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 199 WERTHEIM’S THEORY OF POLYMERIZATION EXAMPLE 196 COMPLEX FUGACITY FOR THE VAN DER WAALS MODEL EXAMPLE 197 MORE COMPLEX FUGACITY FOR THE VAN DER WAALS MODEL 1910 STATISTICAL ASSOCIATING FLUID THEORY (THE SAFT MODEL) EXAMPLE 198 THE SAFT MODEL 1911 FITTING THE CONSTANTS FOR AN ASSOCIATING EQUATION OF STATE 1912 SUMMARY 1913 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1914 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS