OPTICAL SWITCHING AND NETWORKING HANDBOOK
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TERMS HISTORY OF OPTICAL AND FIBER IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS THE DEMAND FOR BANDWIDTH FIBER JUSTIFICATION HOW IT WORKS FACTS ABOUT FIBEROPTICS FIBER MYTHS TYPES OF FIBERS AN APPLICATION OF FIBEROPTICS GROWTH IN FIBER-BASED SYSTEMS THE EMERGENCE OF WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING CHAPTER BASIC FIBEROPTICS TECHNOLOGIES WHAT ABOUT THE LOCAL CARRIER? THE FIBER CONCEPT TRANSMITTING THE SIGNAL ON THE GLASS TYPES OF FIBER FIBER CABLE TYPES BENEFITS OF FIBER OVER OTHER FORMS OF MEDIA BENDING CABLES SENDING LIGHT DOWN THE WIRES LASERS FIBER CABLE CONDITIONS GETTING FIBER TO CARRY THE SIGNAL SONET BACKGROUND LEADING TO SONET DEVELOPMENT THE NORTH AMERICAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION BIT STUFFING SONET: A MEANS OF SYNCHRONIZING DIGITAL SIGNALS SONET LINE RATES WHY BOTHER SYNCHRONIZING? THE SONET FRAME OVERHEAD INSIDE THE STS-1 FRAME SONET OVERHEAD LINE OVERHEAD PATH OVERHEAD VIRTUAL TRIBUTARIES SONET MULTIPLEXING FUNCTIONS CONCATENATION ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXING: A SONET BENEFIT SONET TOPOLOGIES POINT-TO-POINT POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT HUB AND SPOKE RING SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY WHY SDH/SONET SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS PLESIOCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION RATES SOME DIFFERENCES TO NOTE THE MULTIPLEXING SCHEME WHY THE HYPE? THE MODEL AS IT PERTAINS TO SDH WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DENSE-WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING GROWING DEMANDS WHAT IS DRIVING THE DEMAND FOR BANDWIDTH? WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING BENEFITS OF FIBER OVER OTHER MEDIA WHY DWDM? INSTALLING MORE FIBER JUST DOES NOT DO IT! GETTING THERE FROM HERE OPTICAL SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES OPTICAL SWITCHING IN THE METROPOLITAN NETWORK WIDE-AREA NETWORKS METROPOLITAN MIGRATION THE NEED FOR METROPOLITAN DWDM NETWORKS DYNAMIC OPTICAL ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXING RING INTERCONNECTION BOTTLENECKS AT THE SWITCH MULTIPLE CHOICES AVAILABLE MIRROR-MIRROR ON THE WALL LUCENT TAKES TO THE WAVES MEMS ENHANCE OPTICAL SWITCHING ECONOMICAL MEMS SCALABLE SOLUTIONS EASY UPGRADES NOT EVERYONE IS CONVINCED AGILENT DOES OPTICAL SWITCHING DIFFERENTLY SINGLE BIG FABRIC OR MULTIPLE SMALLER FABRICS? BUBBLE BUBBLE, WHO HAS THE BUBBLE? ALCATEL BLOWS BUBBLES OPTICAL NETWORKING AND SWITCHING VENDORS THE GROWING DEMAND CAUTION: STANDARDS COMMITTEES AT WORK LET THE BUYING BEGIN IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE IN THE HOUSE? PAY AS YOU GROW BANDWIDTH DEMAND DRIVEN BY GROWING COMPETITION NEW APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS FOR DWDM IF YOU CANNOT BUILD IT, BUY IT BUILDING BLOCK OF THE PHOTONIC NETWORK THE FINAL LIST HIGH-SPEED APPLICATIONS ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXING: A SONET/SDH APPLICATION SONET/SDH TOPOLOGIES HUB-AND-SPOKE ACCESS METHODS ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MULTIPLE SERVICES DELIVERY WHAT ABOUT THE METROPOLITAN-AREA NETWORKS? BUILDING BLOCK OF THE OPTICAL NETWORK THE WIDE-AREA NETWORK COST IMPLICATIONS AND FINANCIAL TRENDING SOMETIMES IT IS THE FIBER IT IS IN THE GLASS TRANSPARENT OPTICAL NETWORKS OPAQUE OPTICAL NETWORKS DWDM CAPABILITIES HANDLING THE BANDWIDTH CRUNCH OPTICAL CROSS-CONNECTS IMPLEMENTING DWDM COSTS FOR THE METROPOLITAN NETWORKS DWDM APPLICATION DRIVERS FUTURE UPGRADES OPPORTUNITY COSTS FASTER, BETTER, CHEAPER THE FUTURE OF OPTICAL NETWORKING (WHERE IS IT ALL HEADING?) CHANGES IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENTER THE PACKET-SWITCHING WORLD LEGACY SYSTEMS MIGRATION IS THE SOLUTION DWDM CREATED THE SIZZLE SO WHAT ABOUT NOW? QOS A REALITY! ANOTHER THOUGHT WHAT THEN CAN WE DO? SATISFYING THE LAST MILE WIRELESS OPTICAL NETWORKING (WON) FINAL THOUGHTS