CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY COMPANION GUIDE
REVIEW: THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL AND ROUTING INTRODUCTION THE LAYERED NETWORK MODEL: THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL PEER-TO-PEER COMMUNICATION DATA ENCAPSULATION THE PHYSICAL LAYER ETHERNET/802 3 PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS THE DATA LINK LAYER THE ETHERNET/802 3 INTERFACE THE NETWORK LAYER IP ADDRESSING AND SUBNETS PATH DETERMINATION PATH COMMUNICATION ICMP ARP ROUTING ROUTED VERSUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IP ROUTING CONFIGURATION TASKS THE TRANSPORT LAYER SEGMENTING UPPER-LAYER APPLICATIONS ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION DATA TRANSFER RELIABILITY WITH WINDOWING ACKNOWLEDGMENT TECHNIQUES SUMMARY CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING KEY TERMS CHAPTER LAN SWITCHING NETWORK DEMANDS EXTENDING SHARED-MEDIA LANS BY USING REPEATERS IMPROVING LAN PERFORMANCE FULL-DUPLEX ETHERNET LAN SEGMENTATION SWITCHING AND BRIDGING OVERVIEW LAN SWITCH LATENCY LAYER 2 AND LAYER 3 SWITCHING HOW A LAN SWITCH LEARNS ADDRESSES THE BENEFITS OF SWITCHING SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC SWITCHING MEMORY BUFFERING TWO SWITCHING METHODS VLANS SPANNING-TREE PROTOCOL UNDERSTANDING SPANNING-TREE PROTOCOL STATES VLAN OVERVIEW EXISTING SHARED LAN CONFIGURATIONS SEGMENTING WITH SWITCHING ARCHITECTURES VLANS AND PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES TRANSPORTING VLANS ACROSS BACKBONES ROUTERS IN VLANS SWITCHED NETWORKING CONFIGURATION VLAN IMPLEMENTATIONS PORT-CENTRIC VLANS STATIC VLANS DYNAMIC VLANS BENEFITS OF VLANS ADDING, MOVING, OR CHANGING USER LOCATIONS CONTROLLING BROADCAST ACTIVITY PROVIDING BETTER NETWORK SECURITY SAVING MONEY BY USING EXISTING HUBS LAN DESIGN LAN DESIGN GOALS NETWORK DESIGN COMPONENTS FUNCTION AND PLACEMENT OF SERVERS INTRANETS COLLISION DETECTION SEGMENTATION BANDWIDTH VERSUS BROADCAST DOMAINS NETWORK DESIGN METHODOLOGY GATHERING REQUIREMENTS ANALYZING REQUIREMENTS DESIGNING THE NETWORK TOPOLOGY WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: LAN DESIGN CCNA CERTIFICATION EXAM LEARNING OBJECTIVES ROUTING PROTOCOLS: IGRP NETWORK-LAYER BASICS NETWORK-LAYER PATH DETERMINATION ROUTING TABLES THE NETWORK-LAYER COMMUNICATION PATH ADDRESSING: THE NETWORK AND THE HOST MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTING IP ROUTING PROTOCOLS THE OPTIMAL ROUTE SIMPLICITY AND EFFICIENCY ROBUSTNESS RAPID CONVERGENCE FLEXIBILITY STATIC ROUTING DYNAMIC ROUTING ROUTING APPROACHES IP ROUTING CONFIGURATION UNDERSTANDING IGRP OPERATION INTERIOR, SYSTEM, AND EXTERIOR IGRP ROUTES CREATING THE IGRP ROUTING PROCESS ENHANCING IGRP STABILITY IGRP METRIC INFORMATION IGRP UPDATES MAXIMUM HOP COUNT WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONFIGURING IGRP ACLS ACL OVERVIEW REASONS TO CREATE ACLS CREATING AN ACL IN THE CORRECT ORDER USING ACLS HOW ACLS WORK ACL CONFIGURATION TASKS GROUPING ACLS TO INTERFACES ASSIGNING A UNIQUE NUMBER TO EACH ACL USING WILDCARD MASK BITS STANDARD ACLS STANDARD ACL EXAMPLES EXTENDED ACLS EXTENDED ACL EXAMPLES USING NAMED ACLS THE DENY COMMAND THE PERMIT COMMAND USING ACLS WITH PROTOCOLS PLACING ACLS USING ACLS WITH FIREWALLS SETTING UP A FIREWALL ARCHITECTURE VERIFYING ACLS WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: USING ACLS NOVELL IPX CISCO ROUTERS IN NETWARE NETWORKS THE NOVELL NETWARE PROTOCOL SUITE IPX OVERVIEW NOVELL IPX ADDRESSING NOVELL ENCAPSULATIONS CISCO ENCAPSULATION NAMES IPX PACKET FORMAT NOVELL ROUTING USING RIP SERVICE ADVERTISING PROTOCOL GET NEAREST SERVER PROTOCOL NOVELL IPX CONFIGURATION TASKS NOVELL IPX GLOBAL CONFIGURATION ASSIGNING IPX NETWORK NUMBERS TO INTERFACES VERIFYING IPX OPERATION MONITORING AND MANAGING AN IPX NETWORK MONITORING THE STATUS OF AN IPX INTERFACE MONITORING IPX ROUTING TABLES MONITORING THE NOVELL IPX SERVERS MONITORING IPX TRAFFIC TROUBLESHOOTING IPX ROUTING WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: CONFIGURING NOVELL IPX NETWORK MANAGEMENT, PART I NETWORK DOCUMENTATION MDF AND IDF LAYOUTS SERVER AND WORKSTATION CONFIGURATION DETAILS SOFTWARE LISTINGS MAINTENANCE RECORDS SECURITY MEASURES USER POLICIES NETWORK SECURITY DATA RECOVERY BACKUP OPERATIONS REDUNDANCY TECHNIQUES ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS POWER CONDITIONING EMI AND RFI SOFTWARE VIRUSES NETWORK PERFORMANCE SERVER ADMINISTRATION CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK NETWORK CONTROL NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING ANALYZE NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: FINISHING THE TCS WANS WAN TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW WAN SERVICES WAN SERVICE PROVIDERS WAN VIRTUAL CIRCUITS WAN SIGNALING STANDARDS AND CAPACITY WAN DEVICES ROUTERS WAN SWITCHES MODEMS CSUS/DSUS ISDN TERMINAL ADAPTERS WANS AND THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL THE WAN PHYSICAL LAYER THE WAN DATA LINK LAYER WAN FRAME ENCAPSULATION FORMATS PPP ENCAPSULATION HDLC ENCAPSULATION WAN LINK OPTIONS DEDICATED LINES PACKET-SWITCHED CONNECTIONS CIRCUIT-SWITCHED CONNECTIONS WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: WANS WAN DESIGN WAN COMMUNICATION LAN/WAN INTEGRATION THE FIRST STEPS IN DESIGNING A WAN SENSITIVITY TESTING IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING NETWORKING CAPABILITIES IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING A NETWORKING MODEL THE HIERARCHICAL NETWORK DESIGN MODEL HIERARCHICAL WAN DESIGN ADVANTAGES FRAME RELAY AND ISDN WAN LINKS WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: WAN DESIGN PPP PPP OVERVIEW PPP COMPONENTS PPP LAYER FUNCTIONS PPP FRAME FORMATS PPP SESSION ESTABLISHMENT PHASE 1: LINK ESTABLISHMENT AND CONFIGURATION NEGOTIATION PHASE 2: LINK-QUALITY DETERMINATION PHASE 3: NETWORK-LAYER PROTOCOL CONFIGURATION NEGOTIATION PHASE 4: LINK TERMINATION PPP AUTHENTICATION CONFIGURING PPP AUTHENTICATION CONFIGURING CHAP AUTHENTICATION WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: PPP ISDN ISDN OVERVIEW ISDN COMPONENTS ISDN REFERENCE POINTS ISDN SWITCH TYPES ISDN SERVICE PROFILE IDENTIFIERS ISDN STANDARDS ISDN AND THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL THE ISDN PHYSICAL LAYER THE ISDN DATA LINK LAYER THE ISDN NETWORK LAYER ISDN ENCAPSULATION ISDN USES REMOTE ACCESS REMOTE NODES SOHO CONNECTIVITY ISDN SERVICES: BRI AND PRI ESTABLISHING BRI CONNECTIVITY BRI HARDWARE ISDN CONFIGURATION TASKS CONFIGURING ISDN BRI DEFINING A SWITCH TYPE DEFINING SPIDS BRI CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE CONFIRMING BRI OPERATIONS DIAL-ON-DEMAND ROUTING VERIFYING DDR OPERATION TROUBLESHOOTING DDR OPERATION WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: ISDN FRAME RELAY FRAME RELAY TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW FRAME RELAY TERMINOLOGY FRAME RELAY OPERATION FRAME RELAY MULTIPLEXING FRAME RELAY FRAME FORMAT FRAME RELAY ADDRESSING CISCO’S IMPLEMENTATION OF FRAME RELAY: LMI LMI OPERATION LMI EXTENSIONS LMI FRAME FORMAT GLOBAL ADDRESSING MULTICASTING INVERSE ARP FRAME RELAY MAPPING FRAME RELAY SWITCHING TABLES FRAME RELAY SUBINTERFACES SPLIT HORIZON ROUTING ENVIRONMENTS RESOLVING REACHABILITY ISSUES WITH SUBINTERFACES BASIC FRAME RELAY CONFIGURATION VERIFYING FRAME RELAY OPERATION CONFIGURING THE SERIAL INTERFACE FOR A FRAME RELAY CONNECTION VERIFYING FRAME RELAY CONFIGURATION CONFIGURING SUBINTERFACES CONFIGURING OPTIONAL COMMANDS WASHINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT PROJECT TASK: FRAME RELAY NETWORK MANAGEMENT, PART II THE ADMINISTRATIVE SIDE OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT UNDERSTANDING AND ESTABLISHING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE NETWORK COSTS OF A NETWORK ERROR REPORT DOCUMENTATION MONITORING THE NETWORK CONNECTION MONITORING TRAFFIC MONITORING SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL REMOTE MONITORING TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORKS TROUBLESHOOTING METHODS SOFTWARE TOOLS NETWORK+ CERTIFICATION EXAM REVIEW BASIC NETWORKING TOPOLOGIES STAR TOPOLOGY BUS TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY SEGMENTS AND BACKBONES SEGMENTS BACKBONES THE MAJOR NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS MICROSOFT WINDOWS NT SERVER NOVELL NETWARE UNIX WINDOWS NT FEATURES NOVELL NETWARE FEATURES UNIX FEATURES WINDOWS NT DIRECTORY SERVICES NOVELL NETWARE DIRECTORY SERVICES UNIX DIRECTORY SERVICES IP, IPX, AND NETBEUI: ASSOCIATING THEM WITH THEIR FUNCTIONS INTERNET PROTOCOL INTERNETWORK PACKET EXCHANGE NETBIOS EXTENDED USER INTERFACE RAID OVERVIEW MIRRORING DUPLEXING STRIPING VOLUMES TAPE BACKUPS THE OSI MODEL APPLICATION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER SESSION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER NETWORKING MEDIA COAXIAL CABLE CAT 3 UTP AND STP CABLE CATEGORY 5 UTP AND STP CABLE FIBER-OPTIC CABLE UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR CABLE SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR CABLE BASEBAND SIGNAL 10BASET 100BASET 100BASEVG-ANYLAN FULL- AND HALF-DUPLEX OPERATION WANS AND LANS SERVERS, WORKSTATIONS, AND HOSTS SERVER-BASED NETWORKING AND PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING CABLES, NICS, AND ROUTERS BROADBAND AND BASEBAND GATEWAYS UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICAL LAYER HUBS MAUS SWITCHING HUBS REPEATERS TRANSCEIVERS 802 2 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL 802 3 ETHERNET 802 5 TOKEN RING THE FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MAC ADDRESSES ROUTER BROUTER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTABLE AND NONROUTABLE PROTOCOLS THE CONCEPT OF DEFAULT GATEWAYS AND SUBNETWORKS THE REASON FOR EMPLOYING UNIQUE NETWORK IDS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROUTING THE PURPOSE OF NAME RESOLUTION TCP/IP FUNDAMENTALS DEFAULT GATEWAYS DHCP, DNS, WINS, AND HOST FILES DNS WINS HOSTS FILES TCP INTERNET DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM CLASS A, B, AND C ADDRESSES AND THEIR DEFAULT SUBNET MASK NUMBERS PORT NUMBERS PROXIES AND WHY THEY ARE USED WORKSTATION CONFIGURATION IP ADDRESSES AND SUBNET MASKS DEFAULT GATEWAYS AND SUBNET MASKS HOST NAME INTERNET DOMAIN NAME TCP/IP SUITE: UTILITIES USING TELNET TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING NBTSTAT TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING TRACERT TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING NETSTAT TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING IPCONFIG/WINIPCONFIG TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING FTP TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY USING PING TO TEST, VALIDATE, AND TROUBLESHOOT IP CONNECTIVITY PPP AND SLIP THE PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF PPTP ISDN AND PSTN (POTS) MODEM CONFIGURATION FOR DIALUP NETWORKING TO FUNCTION THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A REMOTE CONNECTION SECURITY STANDARD PASSWORD PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES DATA ENCRYPTION THE USE OF A FIREWALL ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON COMPUTER NETWORKS COMMON PERIPHERAL PORTS EXTERNAL SCSI CONNECTIONS PRINT SERVERS BROUTERS BRIDGES PATCH PANELS UPS NICS MAINTAINING AND SUPPORTING THE NETWORK STANDARD BACKUP PROCEDURES AND BACKUP MEDIA STORAGE PRACTICES THE NEED FOR PERIODIC APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE PATCHES AND OTHER FIXES TO THE NETWORK THE NEED TO INSTALL ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE ON THE SERVER AND WORKSTATION THE NEED TO FREQUENTLY UPDATE VIRUS SIGNATURES TROUBLESHOOTING THE NETWORK DISTINGUISH WHETHER A PROBLEM IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE OPERATOR OR THE SYSTEM CHECK PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL INDICATORS OF TROUBLE GIVEN A NETWORK PROBLEM SCENARIO, DETERMINE THE PROBLEM CCNA CERTIFICATION EXAM REVIEW OSI MODEL THE PRESENTATION LAYER CREATING SUBNETS SUBNET PLANNING FULL-DUPLEX AND HALF-DUPLEX ETHERNET OPERATIONS CONFIGURE BOTH ENDS CONFIGURING A ROUTER MISMATCH BETWEEN TWO SWITCHES ETHERNET FRAME THE MAC ADDRESS HUB OPERATION THE SWITCH OPERATION MICROSEGMENTATION OF A NETWORK SWITCHES AND BUFFERS A FLAT NETWORK LAN SEGMENTATION USING ROUTERS ARP REQUEST/REPLY CUT-THROUGH AND STORE-AND-FORWARD LAN SWITCHING THE BENEFITS OF VIRTUAL LANS WHY USE PORT-CENTRIC VLANS? ROUTING AND VLANS VLAN TAGGING REMOTE ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES CABLE MODEMS HOW CABLE MODEMS WORK CABLE DATA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE CABLE AND THE OSI MODEL CABLE CONCLUSION WIRELESS NETWORK ACCESS DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE DBS ARCHITECTURE DATA SERVICE LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITES LEO ARCHITECTURE LAUNCH CAPACITY COST ISSUES WIRELESS LOCAL-AREA NETWORKING IN-BUILDING WLANS BUILDING-TO-BUILDING WLANS THE WIRELESS LAN STANDARD THE FUTURE OF WLANS WLANS CONCLUSION DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ADSL SERVICES ARCHITECTURE ADSL CAPABILITIES ADSL TECHNOLOGY ADSL STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS VERY-HIGH-DATA-RATE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE VDSL PROJECTED CAPABILITIES VDSL TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS STATUS RELATIONSHIP OF VDSL TO ADSL VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK OPERATION VPN ADVANTAGES TYPES OF VPNS SERVICE-LEVEL AGREEMENTS AN EXAMPLE VPN VPNS OF NETWORK A SITES VPN IMPLEMENTATION SECURITY AUDIT THE SCOPE AND APPLICATION NEEDS DOCUMENTATION SECURITY POLICY THE CISCO SYSTEMS VPN DESIGN TUNNELING CISCO’S VIRTUAL DIAL-UP SERVICES CISCO’S L2F IMPLEMENTATION END-TO-END VIRTUAL DIAL-UP PROCESS HIGHLIGHTS OF VIRTUAL DIAL-UP SERVICE AUTHENTICATION AND SECURITY AUTHORIZATION ADDRESS ALLOCATION ACCOUNTING DEVELOPING NETWORK SECURITY AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES NETWORK SECURITY DESIGN IDENTIFYING NETWORK ASSETS AND ANALYZING RISKS ANALYZING SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND TRADE-OFFS DEVELOPING A SECURITY PLAN DEFINING A SECURITY POLICY COMPONENTS OF A SECURITY POLICY DEVELOPING SECURITY PROCEDURES SECURITY MECHANISMS AUTHENTICATION ACCOUNTING (AUDITING) PACKET FILTERS FIREWALLS INTRUSION DETECTION PHYSICAL SECURITY SELECTING SECURITY SOLUTIONS SECURING THE INTERNET CONNECTION SECURING INTERNET DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM SERVICES LOGICAL NETWORK DESIGN AND THE INTERNET CONNECTION THE IP SECURITY PROTOCOL SECURING DIAL-UP ACCESS SECURING NETWORK SERVICES SECURING USER SERVICES