NEWNES GUIDE TO DIGITAL TV
5 DIGITAL TELEVISION BASICS 5 1 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ANALOG SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS DIGITAL SIGNALS DIGITAL SYSTEMS SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING 5 2 DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF AUDIO SIGNALS ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSIONS: PRINCIPLES ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION PARAMETERS SAMPLING: DETAILS SPECTRUM OF SAMPLED SIGNAL LIMITATION OF THE SIGNAL BANDWIDTH DISTORTIONS OF SAMPLING QUANTIZATION: DETAILS QUANTIZATION NOISE DYNAMIC RANGE DISTORTIONS OF LOW-LEVEL SIGNALS DISTORTIONS OF HIGH-LEVEL SIGNALS ONE MORE TIME ABOUT SAMPLING FREQUENCY AES/EBU INTERFACE FORMAT ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS 5 3 DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF VIDEO SIGNALS ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION OF VIDEO SIGNALS SAMPLING QUANTIZATION CODING DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPONENT VIDEO SIGNALS OF STANDARD DEFINITION SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNALS DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACES PARALLEL INTERFACE SERIAL INTERFACE TRANSMITTING ANCILLARY DATA PARAMETER VALUES FOR HIGH DEFINITION AND ULTRA-HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION SYSTEMS REFERENCES 6 ERROR CORRECTION FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS 6 1 CHANNEL CODING IN DIGITAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS NEAR SHANNON LIMIT PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS DIGITAL TELEVISION SYSTEM AS A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AS A DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN TOOL 6 2 ERROR-CORRECTING CODES: BASICS ERROR CORRECTING BLOCK AND TREE CODES REPETITION CODE HAMMING DISTANCE AND MINIMUM DISTANCE TRANSMISSION ERRORS DECODING AS A STATISTICAL DECISION AND THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD ONE PARITY-CHECK CODE SYSTEMATIC CODES LINEAR CODES ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA LINEARITY OF CODES MINIMUM WEIGHT SINGLETON BOUND STANDARD ARRAY 6 2 10 HAMMING CODE: ENCODING 6 2 11 MATRIX DESCRIPTION OF LINEAR BLOCK CODES 6 2 11 1 GENERATOR MATRIX 6 2 11 2 PARITY-CHECK MATRIX 6 2 11 3 SYNDROME 6 2 12 HAMMING CODE: DECODING AND IMPLEMENTING AN ENCODER AND DECODER 6 3 ABOUT THE STRATEGY FOR DESIGNING GOOD CODES 6 4 CYCLIC CODES POLYNOMIALS AND GALOIS FIELDS GALOIS FIELDS BASED ON THE RING OF INTEGERS GALOIS FIELDS BASED ON THE RING OF POLYNOMIALS PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING CYCLIC CODES CYCLIC CODES: ENCODING AND DECODING BCH CODES DECODING BCH CODES: PETERSON–GORENSTEIN–ZIERLER ALGORITHM RS CODES 6 5 LDPC CODES LDPC CODE CONCEPT DECODING PRINCIPLES FOR LDPC CODES THE TANNER GRAPH ITERATIVE DECODING ALGORITHM FOR LDPC CODES 6 6 ERROR CORRECTION IN DIGITAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS 6 7 CONCLUSIONS 7 COMPRESSION 7 1 DATA COMPRESSION DATA COMPRESSION BASICS HUFFMAN CODING RUN LENGTH CODING ARITHMETIC CODING 7 2 VIDEO COMPRESSION VIDEO COMPRESSION BASICS VIDEO COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS INTRAFRAME CODING INTERFRAME CODING MAIN VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARDS AVS 7 3 AUDIO COMPRESSION BASICS OF AUDIO COMPRESSION PSYCHOACOUSTIC MODEL OF HEARING HUMAN AUDITORY SYSTEM AUDIBLE SOUNDS FREQUENCY RESPONSE: AUDIBILITY OF PURE TONES BIOMECHANICAL SPECTRUM ANALYZER FREQUENCY MASKING TEMPORAL MASKING HEARING LIMITATIONS AND CONCEPT OF AUDIO DATA COMPRESSION MAIN ALGORITHMS AND STANDARDS FOR AUDIO COMPRESSION MPEG-1 AUDIO CODING MPEG-2 AUDIO CODING MPEG-4 AUDIO CODING DOLBY AC-3 AUDIO CODING 7 4 DATA PACKING AND DATA TRANSMISSION ELEMENTARY VIDEO STREAM ELEMENTARY VIDEO STREAM COMPONENTS THE ORDER OF TRANSMISSION OF IMAGES IN THE ELEMENTARY STREAM OF VIDEO DATA PACKETIZED ELEMENTARY VIDEO STREAM ELEMENTARY AUDIO STREAM PROGRAM STREAM TRANSPORT STREAM STRUCTURE TRANSPORT PACKET HIERARCHICAL PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION SYNCHRONIZATION THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT DELAY TIME STAMPS ADJUSTING THE SYSTEM CLOCK TIME TO DECODE AND TIME TO PRESENT SWITCHING COMPRESSED DATA STREAMS IS IT POSSIBLE TO SWITCH COMPRESSED DATA STREAMS? REMARKING FRAMES IN THE TRANSITION AREA RECODING FRAMES IN THE TRANSITION AREA SEAMLESS SPLICING OF COMPRESSED DATA STREAMS 7 5 COMPARISON OF COMPRESSION SYSTEMS CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS OF COMPARISON OF COMPRESSION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION SAMPLING STRUCTURE PIXEL FORMAT INTERFRAME AND INTRAFRAME CODING REQUIREMENTS OF THE WORKFLOW COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPRESSION SYSTEMS 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF BROADCAST SYSTEMS 8 1 LIFE BEFORE MPEG 8 2 MPEG’S BIRTH: THE NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION 8 3 MPEG’S STANDARDIZATION PROCESS 8 4 THE MPEG FAMILY OF STANDARDS OTHER MPEG VIDEO STANDARDS 8 5 MPEG’S PLACE IN THE ECOSYSTEM OF DIGITAL TELEVISION (DTV) STANDARDS 8 6 ATSC AUDIO VIDEO MPEG-2 TRANSPORT STREAM 8 7 ISDB 8 8 DVB 8 9 DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL MULTIMEDIA BROADCAST (DTMB) 8 10 DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA BROADCASTING (DMB) 8 11 EMERGING MPEG STANDARDS AND THE ROAD AHEAD 9 DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING PRIMER 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 DTV SYSTEM OVERVIEW 9 3 VIDEO COMPRESSION TRANSFORM-BASED INTRA-FRAME CODING PREDICTION-BASED INTER-FRAME CODING OVERVIEW OF VIDEO CODING STANDARDS H 264/AVC HEVC 9 4 DVB AUDIO COMPRESSION 9 5 MPEG-2 TRANSPORT STREAM AND MULTIPLEX ELEMENTARY STREAMS, PACKETIZED ELEMENTARY STREAMS, AND TRANSPORT STREAMS NAVIGATING AN MPEG-2 MULTIPLEX 9 6 CONDITIONAL ACCESS IN DVB 9 7 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION REED–SOLOMON CODING INTERLEAVING CONVOLUTIONAL CODING AND PUNCTURING 9 8 DIGITAL MODULATIONS IN DVB QPSK MODULATION FOR DVB-S QAM MODULATION FOR DVB-C OFDM MODULATION FOR DVB-T 9 9 DVB-T2 AND THE SECOND-GENERATION DVB SYSTEMS 9 10 CONCLUSIONS 10 ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITEE (ATSC) 10 1 FOREWORD 10 1 1 GAUSSIAN NOISE 10 1 1 1 IMPULSE NOISE 10 1 2 STATIC MULTIPATH 10 1 3 DYNAMIC MULTIPATH 10 1 4 MAN-MADE NOISE 10 1 5 TODAY’S HOME ENVIRONMENT 10 2 TOOLS REQUIRED TO USE THE RF CHANNEL AS A COMMUNICATION MEDIA 10 2 1 MODULATION 10 2 2 DIGITAL MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS 10 2 2 1 RECEIVER THRESHOLDS 10 2 2 2 PEAK-TO-AVERAGE RATIO 10 2 3 INTERLEAVING 10 2 4 TIME INTERLEAVING 10 2 5 FREQUENCY INTERLEAVING 10 2 5 1 FREQUENCY 10 2 6 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION 10 2 7 COMPRESSION 10 2 8 ADAPTIVE TAP EQUALIZER 10 2 9 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES 10 2 9 1 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX 10 2 9 2 PACKET-BASED MULTIPLEX 10 2 9 3 LDM, A DIFFERENT MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE 10 3 PUTTING THE BLOCKS TOGETHER 10 3 1 1 GENESIS 10 3 1 2 ATSC 1 0 PIECE BY PIECE 10 3 3 1 GENESIS 10 3 3 2 ATSC 3 0 PIECE BY PIECE 10 3 3 3 ATSC SIGNAL GENERATION 10 3 3 4 ATSC 3 0 SIGNAL ACQUISITION 10 3 3 5 TYPICAL USE 10 3 3 6 LAYERED STRUCTURE