RFID SYSTEMS: DEPLOYMENT AND SECURITY
INTRODUCTION SOME BARE-BONES PHYSICS CONCEPTS UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICITY UNDERSTANDING MAGNETISM UNDERSTANDING ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM THE MATHEMATICS OF RFID SCIENTI? C NOTATION LOGARITHMS DECIBEL UNITS AN OVERVIEW OF RFID: HOW IT WORKS SUMMARY UNDERSTANDING RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS OF RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION MODULATION: DON’T LEAVE ANTENNA WITHOUT IT THE PROPAGATION PROBLEM THE TRANSMISSION PROBLEM FREQUENCY BANDS IN MODULATION UNDERSTANDING MODULATION TYPES AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING FREQUENCY MODULATION AND FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING PHASE MODULATION AND PHASE SHIFT KEYING ON-OFF KEYING (OOK) RFID COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES COMMUNICATION THROUGH COUPLING COMMUNICATION THROUGH BACKSCATTERING UNDERSTANDING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN RFID SYSTEM CABLE LOSS IMPEDANCE THE VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO NOISE BEAMWIDTH DIRECTIVITY ANTENNA GAIN POLARIZATION RESONANCE FREQUENCY PERFORMING ANTENNA POWER CALCULATIONS EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER POWER DENSITY LINK MARGIN THE TRAVEL ADVENTURES OF RF WAVES ABSORPTION ATTENUATION DIELECTRIC EFFECTS DIFFRACTION FREE SPACE LOSS INTERFERENCE RE? ECTION REFRACTION SCATTERING KEY TERMS UNDERSTANDING TAGS COMPONENTS OF A TAG TAG SIZE OPERATING TAG FREQUENCIES UNDERSTANDING TAG TYPES PASSIVE TAGS SEMIPASSIVE TAGS ACTIVE TAGS TAG CLASSI? CATION CLASS 0 TAGS CLASS 1 TAGS CLASS 2 TAGS CLASS 3 TAGS CLASS 4 TAGS CLASS 5 TAGS READ RANGES OF TAGS LABELING AND PLACING A TAG LABELING A TAG INLAY INSERT SMART LABELS PRESSURE-SENSITIVE LABELS RFID-ENABLED TICKETS TIE-ON TAGS SELECTING ADHESIVE TYPES FOR TAGS PLACING A TAG SHADOWING TAG PLACEMENT AND ORIENTATION POLARIZATION AND ORIENTATION ORIENTATION IN INDUCTIVE COUPLING UNDERSTANDING AN INTERROGATOR WHAT AN INTERROGATOR IS MADE OF INTERROGATOR TYPES FIXED-MOUNT INTERROGATORS HANDHELD INTERROGATORS VEHICLE-MOUNT INTERROGATORS WHAT AN INTERROGATOR IS GOOD FOR COMMUNICATION WITH THE HOST COMPUTER COMMUNICATION WITH THE TAGS OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES COMMUNICATING WITH THE HOST SERIAL CONNECTIONS NETWORK CONNECTIONS DEALING WITH DENSE ENVIRONMENTS UNDERSTANDING COLLISIONS READER COLLISIONS TAG COLLISIONS ANTICOLLISION PROTOCOLS ALOHA-BASED PROTOCOLS TREE-BASED PROTOCOLS CON? GURING INTERROGATION ZONES CON? GURING INTERROGATOR COMMANDS CON? GURING INTERROGATOR SETTINGS OPTIMIZING INTERROGATION ZONES THE NETWORK FACTOR OPERATION MODE READER-TO-READER INTERFERENCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND TUNING THE TAG TRAVEL SPEED UNDERSTANDING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS REGULATIONS STANDARDS REGULATING FREQUENCY USAGE THE REGULATORY REGIONS SAFETY REGULATIONS RFID STANDARDS ISO STANDARDS EPCGLOBAL STANDARDS AIR INTERFACE AND TAG DATA STANDARDS TAG DATA STANDARDS AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOLS IMPACT OF REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ADVANTAGES OF REGULATIONS ADVANTAGES OF STANDARDS DISADVANTAGES OF REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS REGULATORY AND STANDARDS BODIES UNDERSTANDING RFID FREQUENCY RANGES RFID FREQUENCY RANGES AND PERFORMANCE THE LOW-FREQUENCY (LF) RANGE THE HIGH-FREQUENCY (HF) RANGE ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) RANGE THE MICROWAVE RANGE SELECTING OPERATING FREQUENCY SELECTING TAGS KINDS OF TAG TAG TYPES TAG CLASSES OPERATING FREQUENCY READ PERFORMANCE DATA CAPACITY TAG FORM AND SIZE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS STANDARDS COMPLIANCE SELECTING READERS READER TYPES ABILITY TO UPGRADE INSTALLATION ISSUES LEGAL REQUIREMENTS MANAGEABILITY QUANTITY RUGGEDNESS WORKING WITH ANTENNAS UNDERSTANDING ANTENNA TYPES DIPOLE ANTENNAS MONOPOLE ANTENNAS LINEARLY POLARIZED ANTENNA CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS HELICAL ANTENNAS SELECTING ANTENNAS SELECTING TRANSMISSION LINES CABLE LENGTH AND LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE TYPES MOUNTING EQUIPMENT FOR RFID SYSTEMS CONVEYORS DOCK DOORS FORKLIFTS STRETCH WRAP STATIONS POINT-OF-SALE SYSTEMS SMART SHELF PLANNING THE SITE ANALYSIS PLAN THE STEPS AHEAD UNDERSTANDING BLUEPRINTS PERFORMING A PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTIONS METALLIC MATERIAL PACKAGING CABLING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE PERFORMING AN RF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PLANNING A SITE SURVEY DETERMINING THE AMBIENT EM NOISE ANALYZING THE ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS PROTECTING THE RFID SYSTEM FROM INTERFERENCE AND NOISE PREPARING YOUR OWN BLUEPRINTS LET THE EXPERIMENT BEGIN USING THE RESULTS OF YOUR EXPERIMENT PREPARING FOR INSTALLATION PUTTING TOGETHER AN RFID SOLUTION CONSIDERING POWER SOURCES BATTERIES POWER SUPPLY UNITS UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES POWER OVER ETHERNET THE STANDARD INSTALLATION PROCESS AND PRACTICES DESIGN SELECTION SITE ANALYSIS INSTALLATION TASKS SYSTEM MANAGEMENT THE TAG THING INSTALLING HARDWARE INSTALLING READERS INSTALLING ANTENNAS INSTALLING CABLES TESTING DURING INSTALLATION INTERROGATION ZONE TESTS UNIT TESTS APPLICATION INTEGRATION TESTS SYSTEM TESTS ENSURING SAFETY EQUIPMENT SAFETY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT GROUNDING GROUND LOOPS WORKING WITH VARIOUS INSTALLATION SCENARIOS SETTING UP STATIONARY PORTALS SETTING UP A CONVEYOR PORTAL SETTING UP A DOCK DOOR PORTAL SETTING UP A SHELF PORTAL SETTING UP MOBILE PORTALS HANDHELD INTERROGATOR PORTALS MOBILE-MOUNT PORTALS SMART LABELS: WHERE RFID MEETS BARCODE WORKING WITH RFID PRINTERS UNDERSTANDING RFID PRINTERS INSTALLING THE RFID PRINTER CON? GURING THE RFID PRINTER TROUBLESHOOTING THE RFID PRINTER UNDERSTANDING ANCILLARY DEVICES AND CONCEPTS ENCODERS AND LABEL APPLICATORS RFID PRINTER ENCODERS AUTOMATED LABEL APPLICATORS PNEUMATIC PISTON LABEL APPLICATORS WIPE-ON LABEL APPLICATORS FEEDBACK SYSTEMS PHOTO EYES LIGHT TREES HORNS MOTION SENSORS REAL-TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS MONITORING AN RFID SYSTEM UNDERSTANDING ROOT-CAUSE ANALYSIS UNDERSTANDING MONITORING STATUS MONITORING PERFORMANCE MONITORING MONITORING AND TROUBLESHOOTING INTERROGATION ZONES MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURES (MTBF) AVERAGE TAG TRAF? C VOLUME ACTUAL VERSUS PREDICTED TRAF? C RATE READ ERRORS TO TOTAL READS RATE READ ERROR CHANGE RATE MONITORING AND TROUBLESHOOTING TAGS IDENTIFYING IMPROPERLY TAGGED ITEMS IDENTIFYING REASONS FOR TAG FAILURES MANAGING TAG FAILURES MANAGEMENT PRIOR TO APPLYING TAGS MANAGEMENT DURING APPLICATION MANAGEMENT AFTER APPLYING THE TAGS/DURING TRACKING MONITORING AND TROUBLESHOOTING HARDWARE UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF HARDWARE FAILURES DIAGNOSING RFID HARDWARE FAILURES STANDARD TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURE ATTACK OBJECTIVES RADIO FREQUENCY MANIPULATION SPOO? NG REPLAY DOS MANIPULATING TAG DATA MIDDLEWARE BACKEND BLENDED ATTACKS CASE STUDY: JOHN HOPKINS VS SPEEDPASS THE SPEEDPASS BREAKING THE SPEEDPASS THE JOHNS HOPKINS ATTACK LESSONS TO LEARN MIM CHIP CLONES - FRAUD AND THEFT TRACKING: PASSPORTS/CLOTHING PASSPORTS CHIP CLONING > FRAUD DISRUPTION RFID MIDDLEWARE INTRODUCTION ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE SYSTEM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE EPC NETWORK SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS READERS RFID MIDDLEWARE EPC INFORMATION SERVICE OBJECT NAME SERVICE ONS LOCAL CACHE EPC NETWORK DATA STANDARDS EPC PML RFID MIDDLEWARE OVERVIEW READER LAYER—OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW SMOOTHING AND EVENT GENERATION STAGE EVENT FILTER STAGE REPORT BUFFER STAGE INTERACTIONS WITH WIRELESS LANS 802 11 WLAN ATTACKING MIDDLEWARE WITH THE AIR INTERFACE UNDERSTANDING SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION UNDERSTANDING PKIS AND WIRELESS NETWORKING UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ENCRYPTION IN RFID MIDDLEWARE OVERVIEW OF CRYPTOGRAPHY SYMMETRIC CIPHERS ASYMMETRIC CIPHERS ELLIPTIC CURVE CIPHERS UNDERSTANDING HOW A DIGITAL SIGNATURE WORKS BASIC DIGITAL SIGNATURE AND AUTHENTICATION CONCEPTS WHY A SIGNATURE IS NOT A MAC PUBLIC AND PRIVATE KEYS WHY A SIGNATURE BINDS SOMEONE TO A DOCUMENT LEARNING THE W3C XML DIGITAL SIGNATURE APPLYING XML DIGITAL SIGNATURES TO SECURITY USING ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD FOR ENCRYPTING RFID DATA STREAMS ADDRESSING COMMON RISKS AND THREATS EXPERIENCING LOSS OF DATA LOSS OF DATA SCENARIO THE WEAKNESSES IN WEP CRITICISMS OF THE OVERALL DESIGN WEAKNESSES IN THE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM WEAKNESSES IN KEY MANAGEMENT SECURING RFID DATA USING MIDDLEWARE FIELDS USING DES IN RFID MIDDLEWARE FOR ROBUST ENCRYPTION USING STATEFUL INSPECTION IN THE APPLICATION LAYER GATEWAY FOR MONITORING RFID DATA STREAMS APPLICATION LAYER GATEWAY PROVIDING BULLETPROOF SECURITY USING DISCOVERY, RESOLUTION, AND TRUST SERVICES IN ADAPTLINK™ DISCOVERY SERVICE RESOLUTION, ONS, AND THE EPC REPOSITORY EPC TRUST SERVICES OVERVIEW OF BACKEND SYSTEMS DATA ATTACKS DATA FLOODING PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION 1 PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION 2 PURPOSEFUL TAG DUPLICATION PROBLEM SOLUTION SPURIOUS EVENTS READABILITY RATES VIRUS ATTACKS PROBLEM 1 (DATABASE COMPONENTS) PROBLEM 2 (WEB-BASED COMPONENTS) PROBLEM 3 (WEB-BASED COMPONENTS) PROBLEM 4 (BUFFER OVER? OW) SOLUTION 4 RFID DATA COLLECTION TOOL - BACKEND COMMUNICATION ATTACKS MIM ATTACK APPLICATION LAYER ATTACK TCP REPLAY ATTACK ATTACKS ON ONS KNOWN THREATS TO DNS/ONS ONS AND CON? DENTIALITY ONS AND INTEGRITY ONS AND AUTHORIZATION ONS AND AUTHENTICATION MITIGATION ATTEMPTS RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT RISK MANAGEMENT THREAT MANAGEMENT