PAINT MATERIALS
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO LEAD-BASED PAINT 1 1 SOURCES OF LEAD-BASED PAINT AND REGULATIONS 1 1 1 SOURCES OF LEAD-BASED PAINT 1 1 2 REVIEW OF LEAD-BASED PAINT REGULATIONS 1 1 3 ELIMINATING CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING 1 2 SOURCESOF LEADIN THE ENVIRONMENT 1 2 1 GENERAL SOURCES OF LEAD 1 2 2 LEAD IN THEWATER SUPPLY 1 2 3 LEAD IN FOOD AND CONTAINERS 1 2 4 LEAD IN PAINT, PRINTED MATERIAL, AND COSMETICS 1 2 5 LEADED GASOLINE 1 2 6 LEAD IN SOIL 1 2 7 LEAD IN AMBIENT AIR 1 2 8 BIOAVAILABILITY 2 HISTORY OF PAINT AND COATING MATERIALS 2 1 EARLIEST PAINTS 2 1 1 20, 000 B C 2 1 2 9000 B C 2 1 3 BIBLICAL TIMES 2 1 5 ANCIENT ORIENT 2 1 6 PREHISTORIC AMERICAN INDIAN 2 1 7 ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS 2 1 8 FIRST SHELLAC 2 1 4 ANCIENT EGYPT CONTENTS 2 1 9 FIRST LACQUER 2 1 10 FIRST VARNISH 2 1 11 MAYAN CIVILIZATION 2 1 12 MEDIEVAL EUROPE 2 1 13 RENAISSANCE 2 1 14 EARLY AMERICA 2 1 15 OLEORESINS 2 1 16 MIDDLE AGES 2 1 17 NAVAL STORES IN THE NEW WORLD 2 2 PAINT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 2 2 1 COATINGS INDUSTRY 2 2 3 ROSIN ESTERS IN COATINGS 2 2 4 PHENOLIC RESINS IN COATINGS 2 2 5 TERENPID ALKYD RESINS IN COATINGS 2 2 6 ROSIN SALTS IN COATINGS 2 2 7, WATERBORNE COATINGS 2 2 8 PIGMENTS 2 2 9 OLEORESINOUS PAINTS 2 2 10 DRIERS 2 2 11 DRYING PAINTS 2 2 12 CELLULOSE NITRATE (PYROXYLENE) 2 3 PAINT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 2 3 1, PHENOLIC RESINS 2 3 2 AMINO COATINGS 2 3 3 VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERS AND RELATED RESINS 2 3 4 ACRYLIC ESTERS 2 3 5 SILICONES 2 3 6 EPOXY RESINS 2 3 7 POLYURETHANES 2 3 8 POLYESTERS 2 2 2 EARLY CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE OF PAINTS AND COATINGS 2 3 9 ALKYDS 2 4 MAJOR EVENTS IN PAINT TECHNOLOGY 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF PAINT 3 1 DESCRIPTION, DEFINITION, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT 3 1 1 DESCRIPTION 3 1 2 DEFINITION 3 1 3 CLASSIFICATION 3 2 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES CONTENTS 3 2 1 ADHESION 3 2 3 FILM INTEGRITY 3 2 4 CONSISTENT QUALITY 3 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ACCEPTABLE PAINT JOB 3 3 1 CORRECT SURFACE PREPARATION 3 3 2 CHOOSING THE PROPER PAINT SYSTEM 3 3 3 PAINT GUIDELINES 3 4 PROTECTING AGAINST WATER AND OTHER FAILURES 3 4 1 RUSTING AND OTHER CORROSION 3 4 2 PEELING PAINT 3 4 3 MASONRY EFFLORESCENCE AND SPALLING 3 4 4 WOOD ROT 3 4 5 CORROSIVE WATER SOLUTIONS 3 5 1 PAINT VEHICLES 3 5 2 SOLVENTS 3 5 4 PAINT ADDITIVES 3 5 5 PAINT FORMULAS 3 6 BASIC MATERIALS IN PAINT AND COATINGS 3 6 1 OILS 3 6 2 RESINS 3 6 3 LACQUERS 3 6 4 CELLULOSICS 3 6 5 PLASTICIZERS 3 6 6 WATER-BASED POLYMERS AND EMULSIONS 3 6 7 OTHER POLYMERS AND EMULSIONS 3 6 8 DRIERS 3 6 9 PAINT ADDITIVES 3 6 10 SOLVENTS 3 6 11 PIGMENTS 3 2 2 EASE OF APPLICATION 3 2 5 SPECIFIC PROPERTIES 3 5 PAINT INGREDIENTS AND FUNCTIONS 3 5 3 PIGMENTATION 4 LEAD PIGMENTS 4 1 HISTORY OF LEAD PIGMENTS 4 2 DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE LEAD PIGMENTS 4 3 WHITE LEAD PIGMENT PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES 4 4 SUMMARY CONTENTS 5 HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LEAD-BASED PAINT 5 1 GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF LEAD-BASED PAINT 5 1 1 HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING 5 1 2 EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONING 5 1 3 OCCUPATIONAL AND NONOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF LEAD POISONING 5 2 EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONING ON CHILDREN 5 2 1 GENERAL EFFECTS 5 2 2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 5 3 SUMMARY 6 FIELD DETECTION METHODS 6 1 DETECTING LEAD IN PAINT 6 2 PORTABLE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE 6 3 FIELD MEASUREMENT RESULTS FOR LEAD IN PAINT FILMS 6 3 1 LEAD-SPECIFIC DEVICES 6 3 2 SPECTRUM-ANALYZER DEVICES 6 4 CHEMICAL SPOT TESTS 6 5 MEASUREMENT ACCURACY CONCLUSIONS 6 5 1 PXRF TEST LIMITATIONS 6 5 2 SPECTRUM ANALYZER TEST LIMITATIONS 6 5 3 CORRECTING IRREGULAR GEOMETRIC SHAPES WITH PXRF DEVICES 6 5 4 CHEMICAL SPOT TEST LIMITATIONS 6 6 DETECTING LEAD IN AIR 6 6 1 COLLECTING LEAD FROM AIR 6 6 2 ANALYZING COLLECTED LEAD 7 LABORATORY ANALYSIS METHODS 7 1 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 7 1 1 ATOMIC ABSORPTION 7 1 2 GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION 7 1 3 ATOMIC EMISSION 7 1 4 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA 7 1 5 ICP-MASS SPECTROSCOPY 7 2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 7 2 1 RECIPROCAL LATTICE CONCEPT CONTENTS 7 3 ELECTRON BEAM PROBE 7 4 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 7 5 1 TOPOGRAPHY 7 5 3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SOLID-STATE STRUCTURE 7 6 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 7 6 1 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 7 6 3 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY IN THE SEM (EDXRA) 7 6 4 AUGER ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 7 5 LIGHT MICROSCOPY SAMPLING TREATMENT PROCEDURES USED TO ENHANCE CONTRAST 7 5 2 7 6 2 SEM 8 METHODS OF ANALYZING VEHICLES 8 1 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 8 1 1 MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS 8 1 2 INSTRUMENTATION 8 1 3 RADIATION SOURCES 8 1 4 INTERFEROMETRIC (FOURIER TRANSFORM) SPECTROMETER 8 1 5 SAMPLING HANDLING 8 1 6 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE 8 1 7 INFRARED PROBE 8 1 8 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 8 1 10 IDENTIFYING COMPOUNDS 8 2 THERMAL ANALYSIS 8 2 1, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 8 3 HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 8 4 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY 8 5 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 8 1 9 CORRELATING INFRARED SPECTRA WITH MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 8 2 2 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY 9 ANALYZING DUST AND SOIL FOR LEAD 9 2 EPA (OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) RESEARCH PROGRAM 9 1 EPA LEAD STRATEGY FOR LEAD 9 3 TESTING DUST 9 3 1 ANALYTIC METHODS CONTENTS 9 3 2 SAMPLING METHODS 9 3 3 STANDARDS 9 3 4 LABORATORY CERTIFICATION 9 3 5 REGULATORY GUIDELINES 9 4 TESTING SOIL 9 4 1 ANALYTIC METHODS 9 4 2 SAMPLING METHODS 9 4 3 STANDARDS 9 4 4 LABORATORY CERTIFICATION 9 4 5 REGULATORY GUIDELINES 10 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF LEAD-BASED PAINT 10 1 ANALYSIS SCHEMES 10 1 1 GENERAL STRATEGY 10 1 2 REPORTING RESULTS 10 2 DETERMINING PAINT AGE 10 3 DETERMINING PAINT AND PIGMENT SOURCES 10 3 1 PAINT SOURCES 10 3 2 PIGMENT SOURCES 11 REGULATION AND ABATEMENT OF LEAD-BASED PAINT 11 1 LEAD-BASED REGULATIONS 11 1 1 REGULATIONS FOR REMOVING LEAD-BASED PAINT 11 1 2 WORKER SAFETY 11 2 ABATEMENT METHODS 11 2 1 CHEMICAL PAINT STRIPPING 11 2 2 ABRASIVE MEDIA CLEANING 11 2 3 POWER TOOL CLEANING 1 1 2 4 ENCAPSULATION 11 2 5 HEAT GUN CLEANING 11 2 6 COMBINED CLEANING METHODS 11 2 7 SUMMARY 11 2 8 CONCLUSIONS 12 DISPOSING OF LEAD PAINT WASTE 12 2 LAND BAN 12 1 FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATIONS