ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY
CONTENTS UNIT I MICROSCOPE AND BASIC MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 3 2 DARKGROUND MICROSCOPY 7 3 MEASUREMENT OF MICROORGANISMS 9 4 HANGING DROP PREPARATION 11 5 ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES 14 UNIT II BACTERIAL STAINING 19 6 SIMPLE STAINING 20 7 GRAM S STAINING 23 8 ACID FAST STAINING 27 9 ALBERT S STAINING 31 10 CAPSULE STAINING 34 11 SPORE STAINING 37 12 NEGATIVE STAINING 40 UNIT III CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA 43 13 MEDIA FOR ROUTINE CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA 44 14 TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH OF BACTERIA 47 15 PH REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH OF BACTERIA 49 16 OXYGEN REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH OF BACTERIA 51 17 CULTURE OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 53 18 STERILIZATION OF COMMONLY USED CULTURE MEDIA 56 19 ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS 59 UNIT IV ENZYMATIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIA 61 20 CATALASE TEST 62 21 OXIDASE TEST 65 22 COAGULASE TEST 68 23 UREASE TEST 71 24 INDOLE TEST 74 25 METHYL RED TEST 76 26 VOGES PROSKAUER TEST 78 27 CITRATE UTILIZATION TEST 80 28 TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR TSI TEST 82 29 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE TEST 85 30 NITRATE REDUCTION TEST 88 UNIT V ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS 91 31 KIRBY BAUER METHOD 92 32 STOKE S METHOD 95 33 AGAR DILUTION METHOD 97 34 BROTH DILUTION METHOD 100 35 EPSILOMETER TEST E TEST 102 UNIT VI IMMUNOLOGY 105 INTRODUCTION 106 36 BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION TEST 108 37 BLOOD GROUPING 110 38 LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST 112 39 CO AGGLUTINATION TEST 114 40 WIDAL TEST 116 41 WEIL FELIX TEST 119 42 ANTI STREPTOLYSIN O ASLO TEST 121 43 VDRL TEST 123 44 RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION TEST 126 45 IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TEST 128 46 COUNTER CURRENT IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TEST 130 47 INDIRECT HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST 132 48 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST 135 49 ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY 138 UNIT VII MICROBIAL GENETICS AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 143 INTRODUCTION 144 50 ISOLATION OF PLASMIDS 145 51 POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 148 52 ISOLATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MUTANT 152 53 BACTERIAL CONJUGATION 155 UNIT VIII BACTERIOLOGY 159 54 NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE MOUTH 160 55 NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE THROAT 162 56 NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE SKIN 164 57 IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 166 58 IDENTIFICATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE 169 59 IDENTIFICATION OF HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI 172 60 IDENTIFICATION OF CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE 175 61 IDENTIFICATION OF LACTOSE FERMENTING ENTEROBACTERIACAE 178 62 IDENTIFICATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE 181 63 IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 184 UNIT IX PARASITOLOGY 187 INTRODUCTION 188 64 SALINE WET MOUNT OF STOOL 189 65 IODINE WET MOUNT OF STOOL 192 66 LPCB WET MOUNT OF STOOL 195 67 ACID FAST STAINING OF STOOL SMEARS 198 68 LEISHMAN S STAINING OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEARS 201 69 CONCENTRATION OF STOOL FOR PARASITES 205 70 CULTURE OF STOOL FOR ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA 208 UNIT X MYCOLOGY 211 INTRODUCTION 212 71 CULTIVATION OF FUNGI 213 72 GRAM S STAINING FOR FUNGI 215 73 LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE LPCB WET MOUNT OF FUNGI 217 74 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE WET MOUNT OF FUNGI 219 75 INDIAN INK WET MOUNT PREPARATION 221 76 SLIDE CULTURE 223 77 GERM TUBE TEST 225 78 UREASE TEST 227 79 CARBOHYDRATE ASSIMILATION TEST 229 80 CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION TEST 231 81 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON FUNGI 233 UNIT XI VIROLOGY 239 82 CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES IN THE CELL LINES 240 83 CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES IN EMBRYONATED EGG 243 UNIT XII MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER MILK AND AIR 247 84 MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER 248 85 MICROBIOLOGY OF MILK 252 86 MICROBIOLOGY OF AIR 254 UNIT XIII ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS 257 87 INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION INTO MICE TAIL VEIN 258 88 COLLECTION OF BLOOD FROM THE MARGINAL EAR VEIN OF RABBIT 261 89 ANIMALS AND THEIR USES IN THE LABORATORY 263 UNIT XIV MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 267 90 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON INSECTS 268 UNIT XV COMMON VIVA SPOTS 273 91 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON VIVA SPOTS 274 MICROSCOPE AND BASIC MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION LESSON 1 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE LESSON 2 DARKGROUND MICROSCOPY LESSON 3 MEASUREMENT OF MICROORGANISMS LESSON 4 HANGING DROP PREPARATION LESSON 5 ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES UNIT I