REMOTE SENSING FROM AIR AND SPACE
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING ORDER OF BATTLE 1 1 1 AIR ORDER OF BATTLE 1 1 2 ELECTRONIC ORDER OF BATTLE 1 1 3 SPACE ORDER OF BATTLE 1 1 4 NAVAL ORDER OF BATTLE IMAGERY SURVEY 1 2 1 VISIBLE 1 2 1 1 GOES, WHOLE EARTH 1 2 1 2 DMSP (0 5 KM), EARTH AT NIGHT 1 2 1 3 UOSAT (100M), SAN FRANCISCO 1 2 1 4 LANDSAT 5 (30M), SAN DIEGO 1 2 1 5 ASTRONAUT PHOTOGRAPHY 1 2 1 6 SPOT (10 M) 1 2 1 7 IRS (5 M) 1 2 1 8 IKONOS—SAN DIEGO/CORONADO ISLAND 1 2 1 9 HIGH-RESOLUTION AIRBORNE IMAGERY 1 2 2 INFRARED (IR) 1 2 2 1 GOES 1 2 2 2 LANDSAT—IR SAN DIEGO 1 2 2 3 DMSP—IR AND MICROWAVE 1 2 3 RADAR (SAR) 1 2 3 1 RADARSAT, MAUI AND THE AIRPORT 1 2 3 2 SIRC—MULTI-WAVELENGTH/POLARIZATION 1 2 3 2 1 MAUI 1 2 3 2 2 SIRC, SAN DIEGO HARBOR THREE AXES RESOURCES PROBLEMS CHAPTER ELECTROMAGNETIC BASICS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 2 1 1 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS POLARIZATION OF RADIATION ENERGY IN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 2 3 1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 2 3 2 PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIO 2 4 1 LINE SPECTRA 2 4 2 BLACKBODY RADIATION ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR)–MATTER INTERACTIONS 2 5 1 TRANSMISSION 2 5 2 REFLECTION 2 5 3 SCATTERING 2 5 4 ABSORPTION VISIBLE IMAGERY THE FIRST REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE: CORONA 3 1 1 A LITTLE HISTORY 3 1 2 THE TECHNOLOGY 3 1 3 SOME ILLUSTRATIONS ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION, SCATTERING, AND TURBULENCE 3 2 1 ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION: WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE 3 2 2 ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING 3 2 3 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BASIC GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 3 3 1 FOCAL LENGTH/GEOMETRY 3 3 2 OPTICAL DIAGRAM: SIMILAR TRIANGLES, MAGNIFICATION 3 3 3 APERTURE (F/STOP) 3 3 4 IMAGE FORMATION BY LENS OR PINHOLE DIFFRACTION LIMITS: THE RAYLEIGH CRITERION DETECTORS 3 5 1 FILM 3 5 2 SOLID STATE 3 5 3 FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS 3 5 4 UNCOOLED FOCAL PLANES: MICROBOLOMETERS IMAGING SYSTEM TYPES 3 6 1 FRAMING SYSTEMS—MOSTLY FILM SYSTEMS (CORONA) 3 6 2 SCANNING SYSTEMS 3 6 2 1 CROSS TRACK (LANDSAT MSS, TM; AVIRIS) 3 6 2 2 ALONG TRACK (SPOT HRV) HUBBLE: THE BIG TELESCOPE 3 7 1 THE HUBBLE SATELLITE 3 7 2 THE REPAIR MISSIONS 3 7 3 OPERATING CONSTRAINTS 3 7 3 1 SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY 3 7 3 2 SPACECRAFT POSITION IN ORBIT 3 7 4 THE TELESCOPE ITSELF 3 7 5 DETECTORS—WIDE FIELD AND PLANETARY CAMERA 3 7 5 1 EXAMPLE: DIFFRACTION AND RESOLUTION LIMITS 3 7 5 1 1 RAYLEIGH CRITERIA 3 7 5 1 2 GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION COMMERCIAL REMOTE SENSING—IKONOS AND QUICKBIRD 3 8 1 IKONOS 3 8 1 1 IMAGING SENSORS AND ELECTRONICS FOR THE IKONOS SATELLITE 3 8 1 1 1 CAMERA TELESCOPE 3 8 1 1 2 IMAGING SENSORS & ELECTRONICS 3 8 2 NOB WITH IKONOS: SEVERODVINSK DMSP: VISIBLE SENSOR, EARTH AT NIGHT EXPOSURE TIMES ORBITAL MECHANICS INTERLUDE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE CIRCULAR MOTION 4 2 1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION 4 2 1 1 EXAMPLE: A CAR IS GOING AROUND IN A CIRCLE OF 200 M RADIUS AT 36 KM/HR WHAT IS ?? 4 2 1 2 EXAMPLE: A SATELLITE IS GOING AROUND THE EARTH ONCE EVERY 90 MINUTES WHAT IS ?? 4 2 2 CENTRIPETAL FORCE SATELLITE MOTION KEPLER’S LAWS 4 4 1 ELLIPTICAL ORBITS 4 4 2 EQUAL AREAS SWEPT OUT IN EQUAL TIMES ORBITAL ELEMENTS 4 5 1 SEMI-MAJOR AXIS: A 4 5 2 ECCENTRICITY: E OR ? 4 5 3 INCLINATION ANGLE: I 4 5 4 RIGHT ASCENSION OF THE ASCENDING NODE: ? 4 5 5 CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (ARGUMENT OF PERIGEE): ? A FEW STANDARD ORBITS 4 6 1 LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) 4 6 2 MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT (MEO) 4 6 3 GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT (GEO) 4 6 4 MOLNIYA ORBIT (HEO) 4 6 5 SUMMARY TABLE—ILLUSTRATIONS EO—SPECTRAL IMAGERY REFLECTANCE OF MATERIALS HUMAN VISUAL RESPONSE LANDSAT 5 3 1 ORBIT 5 3 2 SENSOR: THEMATIC MAPPER 5 3 2 1 OPTICS 5 3 2 2 FOCAL PLANES 5 3 2 2 1 PRIME FOCAL PLANE 5 3 2 2 2 COLD FOCAL PLANE 5 3 2 2 3 SPECTRAL RESPONSE 5 3 2 3 SPATIAL RESOLUTION—SWATH 5 3 2 4 DYNAMIC RANGE 5 3 2 5 DATA LINKS SYSTEME PROBATOIRE D’OBSERVATION DE LA TERRE (SPOT) 5 4 1 HRV SENSOR, PAN/SPECTRAL—BOTH 60-KM SWATH 5 4 1 1 IMAGING MODES—SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION SPECTRAL RESPONSES FOR THE COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY 5 6 1 AVIRIS 5 6 2 HYPERION 5 6 3 MIGHTYSAT II—FTHSI IMAGE ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION KEYS (ELEMENTS OF RECOGNITION) 6 1 1 SHAPE 6 1 2 SIZE 6 1 3 SHADOW 6 1 4 HEIGHT (DEPTH) 6 1 5 TONE OR COLOR 6 1 6 TEXTURE 6 1 7 PATTERN 6 1 8 ASSOCIATION 6 1 9 SITE 6 1 10 TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 6 2 1 DIGITAL NUMBERS: PIXELS AND PICTURES, HISTOGRAMS 6 2 2 DYNAMIC RANGE—SNOW AND BLACK CATS 6 2 3 FILTERS 6 2 3 1 SMOOTHING 6 2 3 2 EDGE DETECTION HISTOGRAMS AND TARGET DETECTION HISTOGRAMS, SPECTRAL DATA, AND TRANSFORMS SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES ON STATISTICS THERMAL INFRARED IR BASICS 7 1 1 BLACKBODY RADIATION 7 1 2 WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW 7 1 3 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW T 7 1 4 EMISSIVITY 7 1 5 ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION IR CONCEPTS 7 2 1 KINETIC TEMPERATURE 7 2 2 THERMAL INERTIA, CONDUCTIVITY, CAPACITY, DIFFUSIVITY 7 2 2 1 HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT) 7 2 2 2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 7 2 2 3 THERMAL INERTIA 7 2 2 4 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY 7 2 2 5 DIURNAL TEMPERATURE VARIATION EARLY WEATHER SATELLITES 7 4 1 TIROS 7 4 2 NIMBUS GOES 7 5 1 SATELLITE AND SENSOR 7 5 2 WEATHER AND STORMS—HURRICANE MITCH 7 5 3 VOLCANOES AND ASH CLOUDS 7 5 4 SHUTTLE LAUNCH: VAPOR TRAIL, ROCKET DEFENSE SUPPORT PROGRAM—DSP SEBASS—THERMAL SPECTRAL 7 7 1 HARD TARGETS 7 7 2 GAS MEASUREMENTS: KILAUEA—PU ‘U ‘O ‘O VENT RADAR IMAGING RADAR THEORY 8 2 1 IMAGING RADAR BASICS 8 2 2 RADAR RANGE RESOLUTION 8 2 2 1 SIGNAL SHAPE 8 2 3 RADAR AZIMUTHAL RESOLUTION 8 2 4 BEAM PATTERN AND RESOLUTION SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR RADAR CROSS SECTION (?) 8 4 1 DIELECTRIC COEFFICIENT: SOIL MOISTURE 8 4 2 ROUGHNESS 8 4 3 TETRAHEDRONS/CORNER REFLECTORS POLARIZATION WAVELENGTH VEHICLES 8 7 1 SHUTTLE IMAGING RADAR (SIR) 8 7 1 1 SOIL PENETRATION 8 7 1 2 OIL SLICKS AND INTERNAL WAVES 8 7 2 RADARSAT: SHIP DETECTION 8 7 3 1 SHIP WAKES 8 7 3 2 MULTI-TEMPORAL IMAGES: ROME 8 7 3 3 SPAIN—MOROCCO—STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR 8 7 4 SANDIA KU-BAND AIRBORNE RADAR RADAR AND LIDAR RADAR INTERFEROMETRY 9 1 1 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING 9 1 2 THE SHUTTLE RADAR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING (SRTM) MISSION 9 1 2 1 MISSION DESIGN 9 1 2 2 MISSION RESULTS: LEVEL-2 TERRAIN-HEIGHT DATASETS (DIGITAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS) LIDAR 9 2 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 2 OPTECH: AIRBORNE LASER TERRAIN MAPPER (ALTM) 9 2 3 BATHYMETRY EXERCISE (GASPARD WAS ALSO KNOWN BY HIS PSEUDONYM, NADAR) GASPARD TOOK THIS AERIAL PHOTO OF PARIS IN 1868 FROM THE HIPPODROME BALLOON, TETHERED 1700 FT ABOVE PARIS CONTRAST THIS WITH THE COVER PHOTO TAKEN BY APOLLO 17, JUST ONE HUNDRED YEARS LATER THIS IS A FAIRLY CLASSIC REMOTE-SENSING IM- AGE—A REPRESENTATION FROM A SPECIFIC PLACE TOURNACHON WAS A NOTABLE PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHER FROM 1854 1860 NADAR MADE THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT IN 1861, DESCENDING INTO THE PARISIAN SEWERS AND CATACOMBS WITH MAGNESIUM FLARES HE APPARENTLY WAS ALSO AN EARLY EXPERIMENTER IN BALLOONING, EVEN WORKING WITH JULES VERNE HTTP://WWW GETTY EDU/ART/COLLECTIONS/BIO/A1622 1 HTML; HTTP://HISTCLO HISPEED COM/BIO/N/BIO NADAR HTML JOHN R JENSEN, REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN EARTH RESOURCE PERSPECTIVE, 2ND ED PRENTICE HALL, NEW YORK (2006)