SCIENCE QUIZ BOOK
FIRST ROBOT HAND CAPABLE OF IMITATING THE GRIPPING ACTION OF THE HUMAN HAND WAS USED IN A US NUCLEAR PLANT IN 1966 WHICH COUNTRIES ARE MAKING USE OF ROBOTS? THE CHIEF USERS OF ROBOTIC DEVICES ARE JAPAN, THE USA, GERMANY, SWEDEN, BRITAIN, FRANCE, ITALY AND BELGIUM ALTHOUGH INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS WERE INVENTED IN 1962 BY USA, JAPAN TOOK THEM UP AND USED THEM FOR WELDING, PAINTING AND CONTROLLING OTHER MACHINES BY 1995 JAPAN HAD ABOUT 14,000 ROBOTS, MORE THAN ALL THE ROBOTS IN THE REST OF THE WORLD WHO FIRST COINED THE WORD ‘ROBOT’? THIS WORD WAS FIRST COINED IN 1920 BY THE CZECH WRITER KAREL CAPEK THE WORD ROBOT FROM THE CZECH WORD FOR ‘WORK’, COMES FROM THE PLAY ROSSUM’S UNIVERSAL ROBOTS WRITTEN BY HIM IN 1920 WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF ROBOTICS? AS THE INDUSTRIALIZATION ADVANCES THE ROBOTS WILL DEFINITELY REPLACE HUMAN BEINGS IT HAS A BRIGHT FUTURE WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A ROBOT? A ROBOT ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF A HYDRAULIC SUPPLY, SERVO MECHANISMS, SWITCHES, COMPUTER, COMPARATOR LEACH CONTROL, MOTORS, ARMS, ETC (FIG 5 1) FIG 5 1 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A ROBOT ELBOW AXIS SHOULDER AXIS WAIST AXIS WRIST PITCH AXIS WRIST ROLL AXIS GRIPPER AXIS SCIENCE QUIZ BOOK WHAT CAN BE DONE BY A ROBOT? ROBOTS CAN DO MANY WORKS WHICH A HUMAN BEING CAN’T FOR EXAMPLE, IT CAN HOLD A RED HOT ROD OF IRON AND CAN WORK IN RADIOACTIVE ENVIRONMENT A ROBOT CAN CLEAN HOUSES, PICK BOOKS FROM LIBRARY SHELVES, PAINT MOTOR VEHICLES, LOAD AND UNLOAD GOODS IT CAN WORK IN HOT AND POISONOUS ENVIRONMENTS SOME COUNTRIES HAVE DEVELOPED ROBOTS WHICH CAN PILOT EVEN AEROPLANES AND SHIPS THEY CAN GO EVEN TO THE DEPTHS OF OCEANS THEY CAN WORK IN FACTORIES MUCH MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN MEN (FIG 5 2) WHICH COUNTRY IS USING MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ROBOTS? JAPAN IS USING MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ROBOTS WHICH MOTOR COMPANY IN INDIA IS USING ROBOTS? MARUTI UDYOG LTD , GURGAON, FOR MAKING CARS WHAT IS THE USE OF OPTICAL FIBRES? OPTICAL FIBRES ARE USED IN RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATIONS LLL FIG 5 2 FUNCTIONS OF ROBOT WAIST ROTATION SHOULDER ROTATION ELBOW ROTATION WRIST BEND FLANGE ROTATION 6 MASER AND LASER WHAT IS A MASER? THE WORD MASER IS THE SHORT FORM FOR MICROWAVE AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION IT IS A DEVICE THAT PRODUCES MICROWAVES WITH JUST ONE FREQUENCY IT IS USED AS A VERY ACCURATE TIMING DEVICE IT IS USED IN ATOMIC CLOCKS IT CAN BE ACCURATE TO ONE SECOND IN 100,000 YEARS MASERS ARE ALSO USED IN ASTRONOMY TO AMPLIFY RADIO SIGNALS COMING FROM STARS AND PLANETS THE PRINCIPLE HAS BEEN EXTENDED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AS, FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE LASER THE FIRST MASER WAS MADE FROM AMMONIA GAS WHO INVENTED MASER? THE MASER WAS INVENTED BY AN AMERICAN PHYSICIST CHARLES H TOWNES IN 1955 ON WHICH FACT IS THE ACTION OF MASER BASED? MASER ACTION IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT IRRADICATION AT THE FREQUENCY CONCERNED STIMULATES THE PROCESS IF MORE ATOMS ARE IN THE HIGHER ENERGY (EXITED) STATE THAN IN THE LOWER STATE — INCIDENT WAVES CAUSE MORE EMISSION THAN ABSORPTION RESULTING IN AMPLIFICATION OF THE ORIGINAL WAVE WHO MADE THE FIRST LASER? THEODORE H HAIMAN OF THE U S A MADE THE FIRST LASER IN JUNE 1960 IT WAS A RUBY LASER CAPABLE OF GIVING PULSES OF BRIGHT RED LIGHT — HAVING A WAVELENGTH OF 6943 A° (FIG 6 1) FIG 6 1 SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF A RUBY LASER RUBY ROD FLASH LAMP LASER BEAM POWER SUPPLY CAPACITANCE