BIOSTATISTICAL METHODS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION PROBABILITY, PARAMETER ESTIMATION, RANDOM SAMPLING, 2 MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM ERROR, MEASURES OF EFFECT, CONFOUNDING, COLLAPSIBILITY APPROACH TO CONFOUNDING, COUNTERFACTUAL APPROACH TO CONFOUNDING, METHODS TO CONTROL CONFOUNDING, BIAS DUE TO AN UNKNOWN CONFOUNDER, MISCLASSI?CATION, SCOPE OF THIS BOOK, 3 BINOMIAL METHODS FOR SINGLE SAMPLE CLOSED COHORT DATA EXACT METHODS, ASYMPTOTIC METHODS, 4 ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR UNSTRATI?ED CLOSED COHORT DATA ASYMPTOTIC UNCONDITIONAL METHODS FOR A SINGLE 2 × 2 TABLE, EXACT CONDITIONAL METHODS FOR A SINGLE 2 × 2 TABLE, ASYMPTOTIC CONDITIONAL METHODS FOR A SINGLE 2 × 2 TABLE, CORN?ELD’S APPROXIMATION, SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS, ASYMPTOTIC METHODS FOR A SINGLE 2 × I TABLE, 5 ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR STRATI?ED CLOSED COHORT DATA ASYMPTOTIC UNCONDITIONAL METHODS FOR J(2 × 2) TABLES, ASYMPTOTIC CONDITIONAL METHODS FOR J(2 × 2) TABLES, MANTEL–HAENSZEL ESTIMATE OF THE ODDS RATIO, WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES METHODS FOR J(2 × 2) TABLES, INTERPRETATION UNDER HETEROGENEITY, SUMMARY OF 2 × 2 EXAMPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS, ASYMPTOTIC METHODS FOR J(2 × I) TABLES, 6 RISK RATIO METHODS FOR CLOSED COHORT DATA MANTEL–HAENSZEL ESTIMATE OF THE RISK RATIO, 7 RISK DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR CLOSED COHORT DATA MANTEL–HAENSZEL ESTIMATE OF THE RISK DIFFERENCE, 8 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OPEN COHORT STUDIES AND CENSORING, SURVIVAL FUNCTIONS AND HAZARD FUNCTIONS, HAZARD RATIO, COMPETING RISKS, 9 KAPLAN–MEIER AND ACTUARIAL METHODS FOR CENSORED SURVIVAL DATA KAPLAN–MEIER SURVIVAL CURVE, ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR CENSORED SURVIVAL DATA, ACTUARIAL METHOD, 10 POISSON METHODS FOR CENSORED SURVIVAL DATA POISSON METHODS FOR SINGLE SAMPLE SURVIVAL DATA, POISSON METHODS FOR UNSTRATI?ED SURVIVAL DATA, POISSON METHODS FOR STRATI?ED SURVIVAL DATA, 11 ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR CASE-CONTROL DATA JUSTI?CATION OF THE ODDS RATIO APPROACH, ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR MATCHED-PAIRS CASE-CONTROL DATA, ODDS RATIO METHODS FOR (1 : M) MATCHED CASE-CONTROL DATA, 12 STANDARDIZED RATES AND AGE–PERIOD–COHORT ANALYSIS POPULATION RATES, DIRECTLY STANDARDIZED DEATH RATE, STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIO, AGE–PERIOD–COHORT ANALYSIS, 13 LIFE TABLES ORDINARY LIFE TABLE, MULTIPLE DECREMENT LIFE TABLE, CAUSE-DELETED LIFE TABLE, ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY USING LIFE TABLES, 14 SAMPLE SIZE AND POWER SAMPLE SIZE FOR A PREVALENCE STUDY, SAMPLE SIZE FOR A CLOSED COHORT STUDY, SAMPLE SIZE FOR AN OPEN COHORT STUDY, SAMPLE SIZE FOR AN INCIDENCE CASE-CONTROL STUDY, CONTROLLING FOR CONFOUNDING, POWER, 15 LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND COX REGRESSION LOGISTIC REGRESSION, COX REGRESSION, REFERENCES