CLIMATE CHANGE: OBSERVED IMPACTS ON PLANET EARTH
CONTENTS PART I POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 THE ROLE OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES IN GLOBAL WARMING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ORIGIN OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT: ‘PRIMARY’ AND ‘SECONDARY’ EFFECTS 3 THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES OF GREENHOUSE GASES 4 THE LIFETIME OF A GREENHOUSE GAS IN THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE 5 GENERAL COMMENTS ON LONG LIVED GREENHOUSE GASES 6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 2 THE ROLE OF WIDESPREAD SURFACE SOLAR RADIATION TRENDS IN CLIMATE CHANGE: DIMMING AND BRIGHTENING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS MEASUREMENT 3 TRENDS IN SURFACE SOLAR RADIATION OR GLOBAL DIMMING AND BRIGHTENING 4 THE CAUSES OF DIMMING AND BRIGHTENING 5 THE INFLUENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION CHANGES (DIMMING AND BRIGHTENING) ON CLIMATE 6 CONCLUSIONS 3 THE ROLE OF SPACE WEATHER AND COSMIC RAY EFFECTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SOLAR ACTIVITY, COSMIC RAYS AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 THE INFLUENCE ON THE EARTH’S CLIMATE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM MOVING AROUND THE GALACTIC CENTRE AND CROSSING GALAXY ARMS 4 THE INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR DUST GALACTIC CLOUDS ON THE EARTH’S CLIMATE 5 THE INFLUENCE OF INTERPLANETARY DUST SOURCES ON THE EARTH’S CLIMATE 6 SPACE FACTORS AND GLOBAL WARMING 7 THE INFLUENCE OF ASTEROIDS ON THE EARTH’S CLIMATE 8 THE INFLUENCE OF NEARBY SUPERNOVA ON THE EARTH’S CLIMATE 9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 4 THE ROLE OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 AEROSOL LOADING, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RADIATIVE EFFECT 3 VOLCANOES AND CLIMATE 4 SUMMARY 5 THE ROLE OF VARIATIONS OF THE EARTH’S ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ASTRONOMICAL PARAMETERS 3 ORBITAL INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE 4 CONCLUSION PART II A GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE 6 A GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CLIMATE MODELS 3 LONG TERM CLIMATE TRENDS 4 EARLY CLIMATE HISTORY 5 PHANEROZOIC GLACIATIONS 6 THE MESOZOIC EARLY CENOZOIC GREENHOUSE 7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUATERNARY ICEHOUSE 8 ASTRONOMICAL MODULATION OF CLIMATE 9 MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY IN QUATERNARY (PLEISTOCENE) CLIMATE HISTORY 10 QUATERNARY SUB MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY 11 THE HOLOCENE 12 CLIMATE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE 13 CONCLUSIONS PART III INDICATORS OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 7 CHANGES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AS INDICATOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE 3 THE POLEWARD EXPANSION OF THE TROPICAL CIRCULATION 4 THE DECREASING INTENSITY OF THE TROPICAL CIRCULATION 5 EMERGING MECHANISMS 6 CONNECTION TO EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION CHANGE 7 OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS AND CONCLUSIONS 8 WEATHER PATTERN CHANGES IN THE TROPICS AND MID-LATITUDES AS AN INDICATOR OF GLOBAL CHANGES R M TRIGO AND L GIMENO 1 INTRODUCTION 2 OBSERVED CHANGES IN EXTRA TROPICAL PATTERNS 3 CHANGES IN TROPICAL PATTERNS 9 BIRD ECOLOGY AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 INDICATORS OF CHANGE 3 CONCLUSION 10 MAMMAL ECOLOGY AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION: A PRIMER ON MAMMAL THERMOREGULATION AND CLIMATE IMPACTS 2 DEMONSTRATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAMMALS 3 LINKING TIME AND SPACE IN MAMMAL CLIMATE RESPONSES 11 CLIMATE CHANGE AND TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL MISMATCHES IN INSECT COMMUNITIES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INSECTS 3 HOST PLANT MEDIATED EFFECTS ON INSECTS 4 PREDATOR MEDIATED EFFECTS ON INSECT POPULATIONS 5 CLIMATE CHANGE AND INSECT PESTS 12 SEA LIFE (PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS) AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS 2 OBSERVED IMPACTS ON PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS 3 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF KEY INDICATORS 13 CHANGES IN CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TROPICAL CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS 3 THE ASSOCIATED FAUNA OF CORAL REEFS 14 CHANGES IN MARINE BIODIVERSITY AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE OCEANS 3 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON BIODIVERSITY 4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 5 BIODIVERSITY AS INSURANCE AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS 15 INTERTIDAL INDICATORS OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIOGEOGRAPHY 3 MECHANISMS 4 ADDITIONAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE 5 CONCLUSIONS 16 PLANT ECOLOGY AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHANGES IN PHENOLOGY 3 CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION 4 COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 5 PLANT GROWTH 17 THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 IMPACT ON PLANT GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION 3 SCALE OF THE PROBLEMS 4 CLIMATE CHANGE MODELS 5 WINNERS AND LOSERS 6 ADAPTATION 18 RISING SEA LEVELS AS AN INDICATOR OF GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 IS SEA LEVEL RISING? 3 WHY IS SEA LEVEL RISING? 4 ARE CONTEMPORARY RATES OF SEA LEVEL RISE UNUSUAL? 5 CONCLUSION 19 SEA TEMPERATURE CHANGE AS AN INDICATOR OF GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION: ROLE OF OCEAN, MECHANISMS AND CORRECTION OF BIAS 2 LONG TERM TRENDS IN SEA TEMPERATURE: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT 3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PATTERNS OF SEA TEMPERATURE OVER THE LAST 100 150 YEARS 4 CONCLUSION: ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE 20 OCEAN CURRENT CHANGES AS AN INDICATOR OF GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE VARIABLE OCEAN 3 OCEANOGRAPHERS’ TOOLS 4 THE ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION 5 THE AMOC’S ROLE IN HEAT TRANSPORT, OCEANIC UPTAKE OF CARBON AND VENTILATION OF THE DEEP OCEAN 6 CAN WE DETECT CHANGES IN THE AMOC? IS THE AMOC CHANGING ALREADY? 7 CONCLUSION 21 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AS AN INDICATOR FOR CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EVIDENCE FROM OBSERVATIONS 3 MODEL PREDICTIONS OF FUTURE CHANGE 4 IMPACTS 5 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING AND FEEDBACK TO CLIMATE 6 ADAPTATION, RECOVERY AND MITIGATION 22 ICE SHEETS: INDICATORS AND INSTRUMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SEA LEVEL AND ICE 3 HOW ICE SHEETS WORK 23 LICHENS AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PREDICTED EFFECTS 3 OBSERVED EFFECTS 4 UNCERTAIN EFFECTS 5 HABITATS WITH VULNERABLE LICHENS 24 COASTLINE DEGRADATION AS AN INDICATOR OF GLOBAL CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SEA LEVEL RISE AND COASTAL SYSTEMS 3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL/RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RISE 4 INCREASING HUMAN UTILISATION OF THE COASTAL ZONE 5 CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA LEVEL RISE AND RESULTING IMPACTS 6 RECENT IMPACTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 7 GLOBAL WARMING AND COASTS AT LATITUDINAL EXTREMES 8 THE CHALLENGE TO UNDERSTAND CONTEMPORARY IMPACTS 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS 25 PLANT PATHOGENS AS INDICATORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CLIMATE VARIABLES AND PLANT DISEASE 3 EVIDENCE THAT SIMULATED CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS PLANT DISEASE IN EXPERIMENTS 4 EVIDENCE THAT PLANT DISEASE PATTERNS HAVE CHANGED DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE