TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR THE OZONE LAYER
CONTENTS PROLOGUE CONTOURS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AS A POSITIVE MEASURE WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER? EARLY LESSONS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PATHWAYS AND STAKEHOLDERS FACILITATING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS CONCLUSION BACKGROUND OF THE OZONE AND CLIMATE AGREEMENTS THE SCIENCE OF OZONE DEPLETION THE INCREASING USE OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES GOVERNMENTS AND UNEP RESPOND TO THE SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS ON ODSS THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER, THE ROLE OF THE MULTILATERAL FUND THE ROLE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY RESULTS OF PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE OZONE LAYER TODAY THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL CLIMATE PROTECTION FROM THE ODS PHASEOUT TECHNOLOGY CHANGE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES COOPERATION IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES SET THE STAGE FOR WORLDWIDE TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION UNDER THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL INDUSTRY AND MILITARY MOTIVATIONS FOR LEADERSHIP ON OZONE PROTECTION COMMERCIALIZATION OF ALTERNATIVES COST OF THE ODS PHASEOUT WAS LESS THAN PREDICTED MILITARY AND SPACE AGENCY LEADERSHIP TO PROTECT THE OZONE LAYER THE HISTORY OF THE USE OF ODSS BY MILITARY AND SPACE AGENCIES MILITARY MOTIVATION FOR LEADERSHIP EARLY MILITARY LEADERSHIP MILITARY TECHNICAL LEADERSHIP MILITARY CONTRIBUTION TO THE PHASEOUT OF OZONE-DEPLETING ELECTRONICS AND AEROSPACE SOLVENTS APPLICATION OF AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY TO SOLVE ODS ELIMINATION CHALLENGES – A TEN-YEAR QUEST MILITARY LEADERSHIP IN THE PHASEOUT OF OZONE-DEPLETING REFRIGERANTS VINTAGING ESSENTIAL USE EXEMPTIONS HALON BANKS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS CUSTOMERS AND MARKET LEADERS THE CHALLENGE FOR GOVERNMENTS WORKSHOPS BY NATO USEFUL PHASEOUT STRATEGIES ADOPTED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN FOAMS A BRIEF HISTORY OF ODS FOAM TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF FOAM DESIGN, MANUFACTURING AND USE EARLY VOLUNTARY PHASEOUT OF POLYSTYRENE RIGID FOAM FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGIES SUSTAINABILITY, SUITABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES SELECTED IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TECHNOLOGIES SELECTED IN COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION SPECIFIC EXPERIENCES WITH ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING DIFFICULT DECISIONS: THE HISTORY OF REFRIGERANT CHOICE REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING: TECHNICAL OPTIONS AND CHOICES FOR THE CFC PHASEOUT CURRENT STATUS OF EACH REFRIGERATION SECTOR WHAT TECHNOLOGIES DID CEIT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRY ENTERPRISES SELECT, AND WHY? TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN AEROSOL PRODUCTS BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION NOT-IN-KIND ALTERNATIVES TO AEROSOL PRODUCTS EXAMPLES OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS THAT CONTAINED CFC PROPELLANTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR EACH APPLICATION THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT PANEL AND ITS TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEES AEROSOL PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BY THE MLF AEROSOL PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY CHOICES BY CEITS IN GEF PROJECTS STERILANTS AND MISCELLANEOUS CFC USES LESSONS LEARNED FROM MLF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITIES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN FIRE PROTECTION HISTORY OF HALONS AS FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS TYPES OF HALON ALTERNATIVES FOR TOTAL FLOODING AND LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS TYPES OF HALON ALTERNATIVES FOR PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS EVALUATION BY THE MLF OF THE HALON PHASEOUT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HALON BANKING, RECOVERY AND RECYCLING HALON PHASEOUT AND MANAGEMENT IN CEITS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN SOLVENTS INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF THE USE OF ODSS AS SOLVENTS TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR PHASING OUT OZONE-DEPLETING SOLVENTS SOLVENT TECHNOLOGY CHOICES MADE IN CEITS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN CEITS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SOLVENT TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION OUTSIDE THE FUNDING MECHANISM TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO PHASE OUT ODSS IN PEST CONTROL MONTREAL PROTOCOL CONTROLS MAJOR USES OF METHYL BROMIDE IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND MAJOR CHALLENGES TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CHANGE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CHANGE IN CEITS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECTED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CHANGE EXPERIENCES AND BARRIERS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROJECTS REMAINING CHALLENGES FACTORS THAT ASSISTED ADOPTION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FACED BY CEITS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRIORITIES: OUTCOMES OF THE 1992 EARTH SUMMIT AND THE 2002 WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROBLEMS THAT AROSE DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL WHAT EXPERIENCE SHOWS ABOUT ACTUAL BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AWARENESS AND CAPACITY-BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CAPACITY-BUILDING AWARENESS RAISING INFORMATION EXCHANGE TRAINING AND NETWORKING INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING STRATEGIC REORIENTATION OF OZONACTION TO FACILITATE THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: CAP (COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME) CASE STUDIES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ENABLING TOOLS IN ACTION LESSONS LEARNED OZONACTION POINTERS FOR OTHER MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS CASE STUDY: GREENPEACE’S PIONEERING ADVOCACY OF NATURAL REFRIGERANTS LESSONS LESSON 1: ACT NOW LESSON 2: DEVELOP VISIONARY TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT LESSON 3: ENCOURAGE LEADERSHIP BY MULTINATIONAL AND DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES LESSON 4: IDENTIFY AND INVOLVE ALL STAKEHOLDERS, AND DEVELOP LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS LESSON 5: RAISE AWARENESS LESSON 6: REQUIRE COUNTRY PROGRAMMES FROM EACH DEVELOPING COUNTRY, WITH SPECIFIC VOLUNTARY GOALS TOWARDS GREEN GROWTH LESSON 7: EMPOWER THE FINANCIAL MECHANISM TO BE A PROACTIVE INSTRUMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LESSON 8: CREATE FOCAL POINTS AND NETWORKS LESSON 9: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMMES LESSON 10: USE REGULATIONS AND POLICIES TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER LESSON 11: REMOVE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS AND IMPROVE SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE LESSON 12: USE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT TO PROMOTE ALTERNATIVES