GIS, ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING AND ENGINEERING
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION METAPHORS OF NATURE A SOLUTION SPACE? SCOPE AND PLAN OF THIS BOOK I SECTION 2 FROM GIS TO GEOCOMPUTATION IN THE BEGINNING … TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITATION REPRESENTING SPATIAL PHENOMENA IN GIS PUTTING THE REAL WORLD ONTO MEDIA VECTOR TESSELLATIONS OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA CHARACTERISTICS DATA COLLECTION TECHNOLOGIES GPS AND INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS REMOTE SENSING GROUND SURVEY NONTRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO DATA COLLECTION BASIC FUNCTIONALITY OF GIS A SYSTEMS DEFINITION OF GIS LIMITATIONS OF GIS AND THE RISE OF GEOCOMPUTATION AND GEOSIMULATION 3 GISCIENCE AND THE RISE OF GEO-INFORMATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FIRST … SCIENCE TO FOLLOW … AND NOW … GEO-INFORMATION ENGINEERING I SECTION I 4 APPROACHES TO MODELING MODEL OF AN X TYPOLOGY OF MODELS BUILDING MODELS MODELING LANDSLIDES MODELING TOPOGRAPHY SPATIO-TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS AND THE OCCAM–EINSTEIN DIMENSION EVALUATING MODELS APPLYING MODELS A SUMMARY OF MODEL DEVELOPMENT 5 THE ROLE AND NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AN INTEGRATED APPROACH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK DECISION ENVIRONMENT CONCEPTUAL MODELS EMPIRICAL MODELS MODELS INCORPORATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS HEURISTICS ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AGENT-BASED MODELS PROCESS MODELS LUMPED PARAMETER MODELS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER MODELS DISCRETIZATION ROUTING ACROSS A DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL TRANSPORT THROUGH A MEDIUM II SECTION I 6 CASE STUDIES IN GIS, ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING, AND ENGINEERING MODELING APPROACHES IN GIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING SPATIAL COEXISTENCE SOURCE–PATHWAY CHARACTERIZATION BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANNING COASTAL OIL SPILL MODELING CLUSTER DETECTION … AND DON’T FORGET THE WEB 7 ISSUES OF COUPLING THE TECHNOLOGIES SOME PRECONDITIONS INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATIONS INDEPENDENT LOOSELY COUPLED TIGHTLY COUPLED EMBEDDED AN OVER-SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ISSUES MATURING CONCEPTUALIZATIONS INTEGRATION VERSUS INTEROPERABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING WITHIN GIS MODEL MANAGEMENT MATURING TYPOLOGY OF INTEGRATION ONE-WAY DATA TRANSFER LOOSE COUPLING SHARED COUPLING JOINED COUPLING TOOL COUPLING DE FACTO PRACTICES 8 DATA AND INFORMATION QUALITY ISSUES THE ISSUE IS … UNCERTAINTY EARLY WARNINGS SO, HOW COME … ? IMPERFECT MEASUREMENT DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF PHENOMENA NATURAL VARIATION SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT AND CONTEXT SEMANTIC CONFUSION FINDING A WAY FORWARD MEASURING SPATIAL DATA QUALITY MODELING ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY IN GIS TOPOLOGICAL OVERLAY INTERPOLATION KRIGING FUZZY CONCEPTS IN GIS THEORY OF FUZZY SETS EXAMPLE OF FUZZY SETS IN GIS SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS MANAGING FITNESS-FOR-USE 9 MODELING ISSUES ISSUES OF SCALE ISSUES OF ALGORITHM ISSUES OF MODEL STRUCTURE ISSUES OF CALIBRATION BRINGING DATA ISSUES AND MODELING ISSUES TOGETHER 10 DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY EXPLORING THE DECISION SPACE: SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION OF SPATIAL CONCEPTS PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND THE WEB-BASED GIS ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL? REFERENCES