FUNDAMENTALS OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTENTS PART I AIR POLLUTION ESSENTIALS THE CHANGING FACE OF AIR POLLUTION I DEFINING AIR POLLUTION II THE EMERGENCE OF AIR POLLUTION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY III AIR POLLUTION BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IV AIR POLLUTION AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION V RECENT AIR POLLUTION VI THE 1980S VII RECENT HISTORY VIII THE FUTURE FURTHER READING SUGGESTED READING QUESTIONS THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE I THE ATMOSPHERE II BASELINE CONDITIONS: UNPOLLUTED AIR III WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION? IV PARTICULATE MATTER V CONCEPTS REFERENCES SCALES OF THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM I LOCAL II URBAN III REGIONAL IV CONTINENTAL V GLOBAL PART II THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION PHYSICS I MECHANICS OF AIR POLLUTION II FLUID PROPERTIES THE PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE I ENERGY II MOTION III ENERGY-MOTION RELATIONSHIPS IV LOCAL WIND SYSTEMS V GENERAL CIRCULATION AIR POLLUTION SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES I CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTENTS II AIR POLLUTION CHEMODYNAMICS CHARACTERIZING AIR POLLUTION I RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY II BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS III EXPRESSIONS OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IV ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, ELECTRON DENSITY, ORBITALS, AND VALENCE V ORGANIC CHEMISTRY VI INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY VII HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS VIII SCAVENGING AND REMOVAL FROM THE ATMOSPHERE AIR QUALITY I AVERAGING TIME II CYCLES III PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS IV MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS V AIR QUALITY LEVELS 9 THE PHILOSOPHY OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL I STRATEGY AND TACTICS: THE AIR POLLUTION SYSTEM II EPISODE CONTROL III AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY IV ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES V ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 10 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION I GENERAL II COMBUSTION III STATIONARY SOURCES CONTENTS IV MOBILE SOURCES V AIR TOXICS SOURCES VI EMISSION INVENTORY VII AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: DIFFERENCES IN TIME AND SPACE VIII ODORS: MORE THAN JUST A NUISANCE PART III RISKS FROM AIR POLLUTION 11 EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND HUMAN WELFARE I AIR–WATER–SOIL INTERACTIONS II TOTAL BODY BURDEN III THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IV IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMANS V IMPACT OF ODOR ON HUMANS 12 EFFECTS ON VEGETATION AND ANIMALS I INJURY VERSUS DAMAGE II EFFECTS ON VEGETATION AND CROPS III EFFECTS ON FORESTS IV EFFECTS ON ANIMALS 13 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES I EFFECTS ON METALS II EFFECTS ON STONE III EFFECTS ON FABRICS AND DYES IV EFFECTS ON LEATHER, PAPER, PAINT, AND GLASS V EFFECTS ON RUBBER CONTENTS 14 EFFECTS ON THE ATMOSPHERE, SOIL, AND WATER BODIES I THE PHYSICS OF VISIBILITY II FORMATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE III EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IV VISIBILITY V ACIDIC DEPOSITION VI EFFECTS OF ACIDIC DEPOSITION 15 LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE PLANET I GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE II OZONE HOLES PART IV THE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION 16 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING I ELEMENTS OF A SAMPLING SYSTEM II SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR GASEOUS POLLUTANTS III SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS IV PASSIVE SAMPLING SYSTEMS V SAMPLER SITING REQUIREMENTS VI SAMPLING FOR AIR TOXICS 17 AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS: ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT I ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS II ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS III ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF ODORS IV ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF VISIBILITY V ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF ACIDIC DEPOSITION CONTENTS 18 AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE I STATIONARY MONITORING NETWORKS II MOBILE MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE III REMOTE SENSING IV PERSONAL MONITORING V QUALITY ASSURANCE VI DATA ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY 19 AIR PATHWAYS FROM HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES I INTRODUCTION II MULTIMEDIA TRANSPORT III CONTAMINANT FATE ANALYSIS IV MODELING V ASSESSMENT OF A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE PART V AIR POLLUTION MODELING 20 THE METEOROLOGICAL BASES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION I VENTILATION II STAGNATION III METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING HISTORIC POLLUTION EPISODES IV EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE ATMOSPHERE V REMOVAL MECHANISMS 21 TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS I WIND VELOCITY II TURBULENCE III ESTIMATING CONCENTRATIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IV DISPERSION INSTRUMENTATION CONTENTS V ATMOSPHERIC TRACERS VI CONCENTRATION VARIATION WITH AVERAGING TIME 22 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND PREDICTION I PLUME RISE II MODELING TECHNIQUES III MODELING NONREACTIVE POLLUTANTS IV MODELING POLLUTANT TRANSFORMATIONS V MODELING AIR POLLUTANTS VI MODEL PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND UTILIZATION 23 AIR POLLUTION CLIMATOLOGY I SOURCES OF DATA II REPRESENTATIVENESS III FREQUENCY OF ATMOSPHERIC STAGNATIONS IV VENTILATION CLIMATOLOGY V WIND AND POLLUTION ROSES PART VI THE REGULATORY CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 24 AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS I AIR QUALITY CRITERIA II CONVERSION OF EFFECTS DATA AND CRITERIA TO STANDARDS III CONVERSION OF PHYSICAL DATA AND CRITERIA TO STANDARDS IV CONVERSION OF BIOLOGICAL DATA AND CRITERIA TO STANDARDS V AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 25 INDOOR AIR QUALITY I CHANGING TIMES II FACTORS INFLUENCING INDOOR AIR QUALITY CONTENTS III INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS IV EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS V CONTROL OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS 26 REGULATING AIR POLLUTION I INTRODUCTION II TITLES 27 EMISSION STANDARDS I SUBJECTIVE STANDARDS II OBJECTIVE STANDARDS III TYPES OF EMISSION STANDARDS IV VARIANT FORMS OF EMISSION STANDARDS V MEANS FOR IMPLEMENTING EMISSION STANDARDS 28 THE ELEMENTS OF REGULATORY CONTROL I CONTROL OF NEW STATIONARY SOURCES II CONTROL OF EXISTING STATIONARY SOURCES III CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES IV AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS V TALL STACKS AND INTERMITTENT AND SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL SYSTEMS 29 ORGANIZATION FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL I FUNCTIONS II ORGANIZATION III FINANCE IV ADVISORY GROUPS SUGGESTED READINGS CONTENTS PART VII PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION 30 PREVENTING AIR POLLUTION I INTRODUCTION II SUSTAINABILITY III GREEN ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABILITY IV LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS V POLLUTION PREVENTION VI MOTIVATIONS FOR PRACTICING GREEN ENGINEERING VII FUTURE PEOPLE 31 ENGINEERING CONTROL CONCEPTS I INTRODUCTION II PROCESS CHANGE III FUEL CHANGE IV POLLUTION REMOVAL V DISPOSAL OF POLLUTANTS 32 CONTROL DEVICES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND SYSTEMS I INTRODUCTION II REMOVAL OF DRY PM III REMOVAL OF LIQUID DROPLETS AND MISTS IV REMOVAL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS V REMOVAL OF ODORS 33 CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS I AIR QUALITY AND HAZARDOUS WASTES II PRE-CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS III CONTAMINANT TREATMENT AND CONTROL APPROACHES IV THERMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES V THERMAL DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONTENTS CONTENTS VI DESTRUCTION REMOVAL VII OTHER THERMAL PROCESSES VIII INDIRECT AIR IMPACTS 34 CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES I INTRODUCTION II ENERGY, POWER, AND INCINERATION III CHEMICAL AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES IV AGRICULTURE AND FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES V OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 35 CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES I INTRODUCTION II GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES III DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLES IV GAS TURBINES AND JET ENGINES V ALTERNATIVES TO EXISTING MOBILE SOURCES 36 SOURCE SAMPLING AND MONITORING I INTRODUCTION II SOURCE SAMPLING III STATISTICS OF SAMPLING IV THE SOURCE TEST V SOURCE MONITORING 37 THE FUTURE OF AIR POLLUTION I THE GOOD NEWS II STUBBORN PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS