GROUNDWATER RESOURCES: SUSTAINABILITY, MANAGEMENT, AND RESTORATION
CONTENTS GLOBAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES AND THEIR USE 11 WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES 12 FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY 13 WATER USE—TRENDS AND EXAMPLES 131 USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES 132 USE OF WATER IN EUROPE 133 USE OF WATER IN AFRICA 134 USE OF WATER IN CHINA AND INDIA 14 WATER SCARCITY 15 WATER DISPUTES 16 ECONOMICS OF WATER 161 PRICE AND VALUE OF WATER 162 VIRTUAL WATER AND GLOBAL WATER TRADE 17 SUSTAINABILITY GROUNDWATER SYSTEM 21 DE?NITIONS 22 GROUNDWATER SYSTEM GEOMETRY 23 GROUNDWATER STORAGE 231 POROSITY AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY 232 SPECI?C YIELD AND COEF?CIENT OF STORAGE 233 GROUNDWATER STORAGE AND LAND SUBSIDENCE 24 WATER BUDGET 25 GROUNDWATER FLOW 251 DARCY’S LAW 252 TYPES AND CALCULATIONS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW 253 GROUNDWATER VELOCITY 254 ANISOTROPY AND HETEROGENEITY 26 INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 261 INITIAL CONDITIONS AND CONTOURING OF HYDRAULIC HEAD 262 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 27 AQUIFER TYPES 271 SAND AND GRAVEL AQUIFERS 272 SANDSTONE AQUIFERS 273 CARBONATE (KARST) AQUIFERS 274 BASALTIC AND OTHER VOLCANIC ROCK AQUIFERS 275 FRACTURED ROCK AQUIFERS 276 WITHDRAWALS FROM PRINCIPAL AQUIFERS IN THE UNITED STATES 28 AQUITARDS 29 SPRINGS 291 TYPES AND CLASSI?CATIONS OF SPRINGS 292 THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRINGS 293 SPRING HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS 210 GROUNDWATER IN COASTAL AREAS AND BRACKISH GROUNDWATER 2101 SALTWATER INTRUSION 2102 INLAND BRACKISH WATER GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 31 INTRODUCTION 32 RAINFALL-RUNOFF-RECHARGE RELATIONSHIP 33 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 34 IN?LTRATION AND WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH VADOSE ZONE 341 SOIL WATER RETENTION AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY 342 DARCY’S LAW 343 EQUATIONS OF RICHARDS, BROOKS AND COREY, AND VAN GENUCHTEN 35 FACTORS IN?UENCING GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 351 CLIMATE 352 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 353 LAND COVER AND LAND USE 36 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 361 LYSIMETERS 362 SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS 363 WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS 364 ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS 365 BASE?OW SEPARATION 366 NUMERIC MODELING CLIMATE CHANGE 41 INTRODUCTION 42 NATURAL CLIMATIC CYCLES 421 DROUGHTS 43 ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE 431 IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES GROUNDWATER QUALITY 51 INTRODUCTION 52 NATURAL GROUNDWATER CONSTITUENTS 521 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, SPECI?C CONDUCTANCE, AND SALINITY 522 HYDROGEN-ION ACTIVITY (PH) 523 REDUCTION-OXIDATION (REDOX) POTENTIAL (EH) 524 PRIMARY CONSTITUENTS 525 SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS 53 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND CONTAMINANTS 531 HEALTH EFFECTS 532 SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION 533 NATURALLY OCCURRING CONTAMINANTS 534 NITROGEN (NITRATE) 535 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 536 AGRICULTURAL CONTAMINANTS 537 MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS 538 EMERGING CONTAMINANTS 54 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 541 PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 542 SECONDARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 55 FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS 551 DISSOLUTION 552 VOLATILIZATION 553 ADVECTION 554 DISPERSION AND DIFFUSION 555 SORPTION AND RETARDATION 556 BIODEGRADATION 557 ANALYTICAL EQUATIONS OF CONTAMINANT FATE AND TRANSPORT GROUNDWATER TREATMENT 61 INTRODUCTION 62 OXIDATION 63 CLARI?CATION 64 FILTRATION 641 RAPID SAND FILTERS 642 SLOW SAND FILTERS 643 PRESSURE FILTERS 644 PRECOAT FILTERS 645 BAG AND CARTRIDGE FILTERS 646 CERAMIC FILTERS 65 MEMBRANE FILTRATION 66 CARBON ADSORPTION 67 ION EXCHANGE AND INORGANIC ADSORPTION 68 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 69 DISTILLATION 610 DISINFECTION 6101 CHLORINE 6102 CHLORAMINES 6103 OZONE 6104 CHLORINE DIOXIDE 6105 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT DISINFECTION 611 CORROSION CONTROL 612 REMOVAL OF SPECI?C CONSTITUENTS FROM GROUNDWATER 6121 IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL 6122 HARDNESS 6123 NITRATES 6124 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 6125 RADIONUCLIDES 6126 HYDROGEN SUL?DE 6127 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 6128 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON 6129 ARSENIC 61210 TRACE METALS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 613 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT COSTS GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT 71 INTRODUCTION 72 WATER WELLS 721 VERTICAL WELLS 722 COLLECTOR WELLS 73 SUBSURFACE DAMS 74 SPRING DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT 81 INTRODUCTION 82 CONCEPT OF GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABILITY 821 NONRENEWABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 83 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 831 GROUNDWATER QUANTITY 832 GROUNDWATER QUALITY 833 TRANSBOUNDARY (INTERNATIONAL) AQUIFERS 84 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 85 MONITORING 851 AMBIENT MONITORING 852 COMPLIANCE MONITORING 853 PERFORMANCE MONITORING 854 DETECTING CONTAMINATION 86 DATA MANAGEMENT AND GIS 861 DATA MANAGEMENT 862 TYPES OF DATA 863 DATA MANAGEMENT TOOLS 864 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 865 DATA QUALITY 866 METADATA 87 PROTECTION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 871 GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY MAPS 872 DELINEATION OF SOURCE WATER PROTECTION ZONES 873 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 88 MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION 881 NUMERIC GROUNDWATER MODELS 882 TIME SERIES MODELS 89 ARTI?CIAL AQUIFER RECHARGE 891 METHODS OF ARTI?CIAL AQUIFER RECHARGE 892 AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY 893 SOURCE WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT GROUNDWATER RESTORATION 91 INTRODUCTION 92 RISK ASSESSMENT 921 DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION 922 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 923 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT 924 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 93 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY 931 DEVELOPMENT AND SCREENING OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES 932 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES 933 TREATABILITY STUDIES 94 SOURCE-ZONE REMEDIATION 941 NAPLS PROBLEM 942 PHYSICAL CONTAINMENT 943 FLUID REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES 944 IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION 945 ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION 946 THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES 95 DISSOLVED PHASE (PLUME) REMEDIATION 951 PUMP AND TREAT 952 PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS 953 BIOREMEDIATION 954 MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION 96 MEASURING SUCCESS OF REMEDIATION