EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES
CONTENTS PART A INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION MANAGED ECOSYSTEMS AND THE FUTURE SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS WHY ARE [CO2] ENRICHMENT STUDIES WITH MANAGED ECOSYSTEMS IMPORTANT? FREE-AIR [CO2] ENRICHMENT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE ELEVATED [CO2] AFFECTS PLANT GROWTH AND ECOSYSTEMS VIA A MULTITUDE OF MECHANISMS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES FACE TECHNOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE NEED FOR CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ADVANTAGES OF FACE PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS CO2 AS A STEP TREATMENT HIGH-FREQUENCY VARIATION IN [CO2] LIMITED PLOT SIZE BLOWER EFFECT FACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BNL FACE DESIGN CNR FACE DESIGN WEB-FACE MULTIPLE VARIABLE EXPERIMENTS FUTURE PERSPECTIVES THE GRADFACE DESIGN HOTFACE PART B CASE STUDIES THE EFFECTS OF FREE-AIR [CO2] ENRICHMENT OF COTTON,WHEAT, AND SORGHUM DESCRIPTION OF THE FACE SYSTEM AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY COTTON RESOURCE AVAILABILITY RESOURCE ACQUISITION AND TRANSFORMATION CO2 AND CARBON LIGHT WATER NUTRIENTS CONSEQUENCES FOR MANAGEMENT CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANT BREEDING WHEAT SORGHUM 3 5 4 CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANT BREEDING SOYFACE: THE EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS OF ELEVATED [CO2] AND [O3] ON SOYBEAN SITE DESCRIPTION EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS FIELD LAYOUT AND BLOCKING CO2 TREATMENT O3 TREATMENT CO2 ¥ O3 TREATMENT RESOURCE ACQUISITION EFFECTS OF [CO2] TREATMENT ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFECTS OF [O3] TREATMENT ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFECTS OF [CO2] AND [O3] ON CANOPY DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS OF [CO2] AND [O3] ON INSECT HERBIVORY RESOURCE TRANSFORMATION EFFECTS OF E[CO2] TREATMENT ON CROP PRODUCTION AND YIELD EFFECTS OF O3 TREATMENT ON CROP PRODUCTION AND YIELD CONSEQUENCES FOR FUTURE SOYBEAN CROP MANAGEMENT AND PLANT BREEDING PADDY RICE RESPONSES TO FREE-AIR [CO2] ENRICHMENT INTRODUCTION TO RICE THE RICE FACE EXPERIMENT: PHASE 1 SITE DESCRIPTION, PLOT LAYOUT AND CROP MANAGEMENT [CO2] ENRICHMENT N FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS OF E[CO2] ON PADDY RICE EFFECTS ON RESOURCE ACQUISITION PHENOLOGY LIGHT CAPTURE BY LEAVES LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ROOT DEVELOPMENT TILLERING ACCUMULATION OF PLANT BIOMASS AND NITROGEN EFFECTS ON RESOURCE TRANSFORMATION DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT BIOMASS AND N DURING REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH GRAIN YIELD,YIELD COMPONENTS AND HARVEST INDEX GRAIN QUALITY SYNTHESIS OF RICE PLANT RESPONSES TO E[CO2] AND N FERTILIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR RICE PRODUCTION IN E[CO2] PREDICTION OF GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS ADAPTATIONS TO E[CO2] GROWTH AND QUALITY RESPONSES OF POTATO TO ELEVATED [CO2] INTRODUTION PHYSICAL: LOCATION, SIZE, ELEVATION, LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENT AND BLOCKING SOIL TYPES, TILLAGE PRACTICES, FERTILISATION, CROP SAMPLINGS AND MEASUREMENTS METEOROLOGICAL DESCRIPTION ELEVATED [CO2] EFFECT OF TREATMENTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS CANOPY TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE WATER CONSUMPTION CROP PHENOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT HERBIVORY EFFECT OF TREATMENTS ON BIOMASS GROWTH ABOVEGROUND BELOWGROUND EFFECT OF TREATMENTS ON YIELD QUANTITY AND QUALITY ABOVE- AND BELOWGROUND BIOMASS TUBER PHYSICAL QUALITY TUBER CHEMICAL QUALITY RESPONSES OF AN ARABLE CROP ROTATION SYSTEM TO ELEVATED [CO2] LOCATION, CLIMATE, METEOROLOGICAL AND SOIL CONDITIONS CROP ROTATION AND AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT TREATMENT DESIGN RESULTS [CO2] EFFECTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS (CANOPY CO2 EXCHANGE RATES) [CO2] EFFECTS ON CANOPY EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ET (CANOPY H2O EXCHANGE RATE) [CO2] EFFECTS ON LEAF AREA INDEX [CO2] EFFECTS ON ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS PRODUCTION [CO2] EFFECTS ON BELOW-GROUND BIOMASS PRODUCTION [CO2] EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS [CO2] EFFECTS ON IN SITU SOIL CO2 EFFLUX SHORT- AND LONG-TERM RESPONSES OF FERTILE GRASSLAND TO ELEVATED [CO2] NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY: A KEY FACTOR FOR THE PLANT’S RESPONSE TO E[CO2] ABOVE-GROUND YIELD RESOURCE ACQUISITION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION CHANGES OVER 10 YEARS IN THE E[CO2] RESPONSE OF PURE L PERENNE SWARDS N AVAILABILITY IN SOIL C AND N SEQUESTRATION IMPACTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON A GRASSLAND GRAZED BY SHEEP: THE NEW ZEALAND FACE EXPERIMENT SOIL MOISTURE ABOVEGROUND YIELD AND SPECIES COMPOSITION BELOWGROUND YIELD CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FEED QUALITY RESPONSES TO ELEVATED [CO2] OF A SHORT ROTATION, MULTISPECIES POPLAR PLANTATION: THE POPFACE/EUROFACE EXPERIMENT RESEARCH LEADING TO THIS EXPERIMENT FOCUS ON AGROFORESTRY PLANTATIONS OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES 10 2 SITE DESCRIPTION LOCATION AND LAYOUT OF EXPERIMENT SOIL TYPES, FERTILISATION, IRRIGATION STAND HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 10 3 EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] ENRICHMENT NITROGEN FERTILISATION SPECIES COMPARISON INTERACTIONS PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE NITROGEN AND OTHER NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND DYNAMICS LAI AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION CANOPY ARCHITECTURE ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTIVITY BELOWGROUND PRODUCTIVITY SOIL CARBON: LITTER PRODUCTION, SOIL RESPIRATION AND C-POOLS WOOD QUALITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WOOD AND ROOTS PEST AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY CONSEQUENCES AND IMPLICATIONS FOREST MANAGEMENT GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE OTHER ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES THE DUKE FOREST FACE EXPERIMENT: CO2 ENRICHMENT OF A LOBLOLLY PINE FOREST NITROGEN LIMITATION ESTIMATED GLOBAL CARBON SINK IN FORESTS IMPACTS OF ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] AND [O3] ON NORTHERN TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS: RESULTS FROM THE ASPEN FACE EXPERIMENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE RESPIRATION NITROGEN DYNAMICS LEAF AREA GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY SOIL CARBON WOOD QUALITY PEST, DISEASE AND HERBIVORE SUSCEPTIBILITY CO2 ENRICHMENT OF A DECIDUOUS FOREST: THE OAK RIDGE FACE EXPERIMENT PHYSICAL SOIL TYPES STAND DESCRIPTION CO2 EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND METABOLITES CARBON NITROGEN CO2 EFFECTS ON TREE AND STAND STRUCTURE LEAF AREA INDEX ROOT SYSTEM STRUCTURE STRUCTURE–FUNCTION INTEGRATION CARBON UPTAKE STAND WATER USE NITROGEN CYCLING PRODUCTIVITY ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTION BELOWGROUND PRODUCTION ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY SOIL C CARBON INPUT AND DECOMPOSITION CARBON POOLS MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRIENT CYCLING PRODUCTS BIOTIC INTERACTIONS GLOBAL C CYCLE LONG-TERM RESPONSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STOMATA TO ELEVATED [CO2] IN MANAGED SYSTEMS THE THEORY OF RESPONSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE TO ELEVATED [CO2] CHAMBER ACCLIMATION AND DOWN-REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS A PURPOSE TO DOWN-REGULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE? EXPECTATIONS OF FACE WHY FACE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE? WHICH FACE? HAVE FINDINGS FROM FACE ALTERED PERSPECTIVES? PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS INCREASED LESS AND STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE DECREASED MORE IN FACE PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS STIMULATED LESS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE DAY STIMULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS SUSTAINED AND LITTLE AFFECTED BY NITROGEN SUPPLY IN VIVO RUBISCO ACTIVITY IS DECREASED MORE THAN CAPACITY FOR RUBP REGENERATION CONCLUSION CARBON PARTITIONING AND RESPIRATION – THEIR CONTROL AND ROLE IN PLANTS AT HIGH CO2 A BRIEF BACKGROUND TO PARTITIONING OF DRY MATTER AND CARBON EXPORT FROM SOURCE LEAVES WHOLE-PLANT PARTITIONING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT WITHIN ROOT PARTITIONING ROOTS ARE A SINK FOR PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY FIXED C ROOT GROWTH EXUDATION, MUCILAGE, AND CELL DEATH ROOT DEATH AND TURNOVER ELEVATED CO2 AND FACE EXPERIMENTS DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CO2 ABOVE-GROUND RESPIRATION AND FACE ROOTS IN SOIL BELOW-GROUND RESPIRATION AND FACE THE RESPONSE OF FOLIAR CARBOHYDRATES TO ELEVATED [CO2] WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE RESPONSE OF FOLIAR CARBOHYDRATES TO GROWTH AT E[CO2]? WHAT WERE THE KNOWN EFFECTS OF E[CO2] ON FOLIAR CARBOHYDRATES BEFORE FACE? DO CARBOHYDRATES ACCUMULATE IN THE LEAVES OF PLANTS GROWN IN THE FIELD USING FACE TECHNOLOGY? MANIPULATIONS OF SOURCE–SINK BALANCE THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SUPPLY ON SINK CAPACITY WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF A LIMITED SINK CAPACITY? EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, CANOPY TEMPERATURE, AND PLANT WATER RELATIONS CANOPY TEMPERATURE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CHANGES IN ET WITH E[CO2] CORRELATIONS OF ET WITH CANOPY TEMPERATURE AND SHOOT BIOMASS CHANGES APPLICABILITY OF PLOT-SCALE ET MEASUREMENTS TO REGIONAL SCALES COMBINED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GLOBAL-WARMING EFFECTS OF E[CO2] ON ET SOIL WATER CONTENT PLANT WATER USE EFFICIENCY PLANT WATER RELATIONS BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION: A KEY PROCESS FOR THE RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS TO ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] APPEARS NOT TO AFFECT THE ACTIVITY OF SYMBIOTIC N2 FIXATION THE INITIAL RESPONSE OF SYMBIOTIC N2 FIXATION TO ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT UNDER CONTINUOUS NUTRIENT SUPPLY WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES OF SYMBIOTIC N2 FIXATION TO ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] IN LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS? THE TIME COMPONENT,WHILE OFTEN SUGGESTED, IS NOW EVIDENT IN THE 10-YEAR SWISS FACE EXPERIMENT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBIOTIC N2 FIXATION UNDER ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: AN ATTEMPT TO REACH A GENERAL CONCLUSION EFFECTS OF ELEVATED [CO2] AND N FERTILIZATION ON INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS IN TEMPERATE GRASSLAND MODEL ECOSYSTEMS MATERIALS AND METHODS EXPERIMENTAL SITE DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROPORTION OF T REPENS IN MIXTURE BIOMASS AND NITROGEN YIELD RELATIVE YIELD OF BIOMASS AND NITROGEN DISCUSSION INTERSPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSE TO E[CO2] WERE AUGMENTED IN THE MIXED COMMUNITY WHEN COMPARED TO THE PURE SWARD COMPETITIVE ABILITY DEPENDED STRONGLY ON THE SPECIES, THE N AND [CO2] TREATMENTS RESOURCE COMPLEMENTARITY STRONGLY DEPENDED ON THE N AND [CO2] TREATMENTS THE POTENTIAL OF GENOMICS AND GENETICS TO UNDERSTAND PLANT RESPONSE TO ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW CAN AN INTEGRATIVE (SYSTEMS) BIOLOGY APPROACH BE USEFUL? GENOMICS IN FIELD-GROWN PLANTS TRANSCRIPT PROFILING USE OF EXPRESSION ARRAYS IN FACE EXPERIMENTS QTL DISCOVERY FOR RESPONSIVE TRAITS ASSOCIATION GENETICS PROTEOMICS AND METABOLOMICS IN FIELD-GROWN PLANTS THE IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SAMPLING STRATEGY IN FACE FACILITIES THE FUTURE THE IMPACT OF ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] ON SOIL C AND N DYNAMICS: A META-ANALYSIS DATABASE COMPILATION STATISTICAL ANALYSES SOIL C AND N CONTENTS MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND ACTIVITY SOIL C CONTENTS SOIL N DYNAMICS FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS THE INFLUENCE OF ELEVATED [CO2] ON DIVERSITY,ACTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF RHIZOSPHERE AND SOIL BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOIL MICROBIOTA AND RHIZOSPHERE CONDITIONS EFFECT OF E[CO2] ON RHIZODEPOSITION RESPONSES OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS, CELL NUMBER AND ACTIVITY EFFECTS ON SOIL STRUCTURE AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES RESPONSES OF BACTERIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TO E[CO2] ELEVATED [CO2] AND NITROGEN CYCLE IN SOIL AND RHIZOSPHERE N-POOLS, UPTAKE AND MINERALIZATION N2 FIXATION NITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION PLANT-GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES INCREASES IN ATMOSPHERIC [CO2] AND THE SOIL FOOD WEB SOIL FOOD WEBS: THE CONCEPT EFFECTS OF ELEVATED [CO2] ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND THE FOOD WEB ROOT EXUDATION AND THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED [CO2] LINKING PLANTS TO SOIL FOOD WEBS UNDER CHANGING [CO2] PART D PERSPECTIVES FACE VALUE: PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF FREE-AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT STUDIES THE VALUE OF FACE EXPERIMENTS WHAT HAVE WE LEARNT FROM FACE? PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTIVITY PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS BELOWGROUND RESPONSES WHAT IS MISSING FROM CURRENT FACE RESEARCH AND WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN UNDERSTANDING? ADDITIONAL TREATMENTS FUTURE CHALLENGES WHAT IS THE FATE OF C PARTITIONED BELOWGROUND? N CYCLING SOIL FAUNAL FOOD WEBS AND SOIL STRUCTURE TRACE GASES TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE FACE SCIENCE THE USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS IN FACE A POTENTIAL PROBLEM FOR LONG-RUNNING FACE EXPERIMENTS?