REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CONTENTS SECTION I PERSPECTIVES ON MARINE INVASIONS 1 MARINE BIOINVASIONS: CONSERVATION HAZARDS AND VEHICLES FOR ECOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING 1 1 INTRODUCTION – THE PROBLEM OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 1 2 INVASIONS AS A TOOL TO STUDY NATURE 1 3 INVASION BIOLOGY – THE DISCIPLINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 1 4 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 1 5 NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY 1 6 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS REFERENCES 2 DEEP INVASION ECOLOGY AND THE ASSEMBLY OF COMMUNITIES IN HISTORICAL TIME 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 INVADER UNDERESTIMATION – SYSTEMATICS CRYPTOGENIC SPECIES PSEUDOINDIGENOUS SPECIES 2 3 INVADER UNDERESTIMATION – BIOGEOGRAPHIC AND COMMUNITY HISTORY WIDESPREAD INTRAOCEANIC AND INTEROCEANIC CORRIDOR SPECIES NERITIC SPECIES WITH PRESUMPTIVE OCEANIC DISPERSAL RESIDENT SPECIES 2 4 INVADER UNDERESTIMATION – SAMPLING SPECIES IN UNDEREXPLORED HABITATS AND ASSOCIATIONS INCIPIENT INVASIONS: SPECIES WITH SMALL POPULATION SIZES 2 5 THE OVERESTIMATION OF INVADER DIVERSITY 2 6 DISCUSSION 2 7 THE WAY FORWARD: SOLUTIONS 3 NATURAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE MEDIATED INVASIONS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF A SPECIES 3 3 RANGE SHIFTS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE AND RANGE LIMITS NATURAL RANGE SHIFTS HUMAN-MEDIATED RANGE SHIFTS 3 4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND RANGE SHIFTS OBSERVED BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3 5 CONTRASTING NATURAL RANGE EXPANSIONS AND BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS 3 6 CONCLUSIONS 4 MODELING MARINE INVASIONS: CURRENT AND FUTURE APPROACHES 4 1 INTRODUCTION WHY MARINE INVASION MODELING? SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW 4 2 INVASION PATHWAY MODELS 4 3 POPULATION MODELS: INVASION DYNAMICS SINGLE-SPECIES MODELS MULTI-SPECIES MODELS 4 4 POPULATION MODELS: INVASION SPREAD ALLEE EFFECTS 4 5 COMMUNITY INVASIBILITY MODELS 4 6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FORMALIZING CONCEPTUAL MODELS MATHEMATICALLY COUPLING DYNAMICAL AND STATISTICAL MODELS INTEGRATING MODELING AND EMPIRICAL WORK APPENDIX SECTION II INVADER ARRIVAL 5 CHARACTERIZING VECTORS OF MARINE INVASION 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 PRIMARY VS SECONDARY INTRODUCTIONS 5 3 PRINCIPAL VECTORS OF MARINE INVASION SHIPPING CANALS AQUACULTURE FISHERIES ORNAMENTAL SPECIES AND LIVE SEAFOOD MARINE LEISURE AND TOURISM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION HABITAT RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT 5 4 VECTOR MANAGEMENT 6 THE VESSEL AS A VECTOR – BIOFOULING, BALLAST WATER AND SEDIMENTS CHAD L HEWITT, STEPHAN GOLLASCH, AND DAN MINCHIN 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 BIOFOULING 6 3 BALLAST WATER AND SEDIMENTS 6 4 DISCUSSION 7 THE ROLE OF PROPAGULE PRESSURE IN INVASION SUCCESS EMMA L JOHNSTON, RICHARD F PIOLA, AND GRAEME F CLARK 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 PROPAGULE PRESSURE 7 3 THE RESILIENCE OF PROPAGULES 7 4 PRODUCING PROPAGULES 7 5 INFERRING PROPAGULE SUPPLY FROM CURRENT DISTRIBUTIONS 7 6 VECTORS AND PROPAGULE SUPPLY 7 7 MANIPULATING PROPAGULE SUPPLY MANIPULATING PROPAGULE AT THE LARVAL STAGE MANIPULATING ADULT INVADERS 7 8 CONCLUSIONS 8 DIFFERENTIATING SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED INVADERS: SPECIES POOLS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF DE? NING VECTOR, SOURCE AND RECIPIENT REGIONS INTRODUCTION IDENTIFYING THE ROLES OF SOURCE REGION, RECIPIENT REGION AND VECTOR MODELING INVASION STATE SPACE – DE? NING AND COMPARING SPECIES POOLS SPECIES POOL DESIGNATIONS SPECIES POOL DESIGNATIONS AND COMPARISONS (FIXED RECIPIENT, SOURCE, AND VECTOR) FIXED RECIPIENT AND SOURCE REGIONS, MULTIPLE VECTORS FIXED RECIPIENT REGION, MULTIPLE SOURCE REGIONS, MULTIPLE VECTORS MULTIPLE RECIPIENT REGIONS, FIXED SOURCE REGION, MULTIPLE VECTORS SOME RECENT ANALYSES OF INVADER ATTRIBUTES USING SPECIES POOL COMPARISONS DISCUSSION SECTION III INVADER ESTABLISHMENT 9 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INVASIVE SPECIES FACTORS IN? UENCING NUMERIC AND GEOGRAPHIC GROWTH OF INVASIVE POPULATIONS 10 THE ROLE OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN MARINE BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY A BRIEF OVERVIEW GENERAL IMPORTANCE TO INVASIONS EMPIRICAL WORK IN NON-MARINE SYSTEMS PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN MARINE SYSTEMS WHERE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN MARINE INVASIONS HABITATS TAXONOMIC GROUPS STEPS IN THE INVASION SEQUENCE VECTORS EXAMPLES OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY’S EFFECT IN MARINE INVASIONS POST-INVASION EFFECTS THE INVASION OF CARCINUS MAENAS IN THE GULF OF MAINE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 11 ESCAPE FROM PARASITES REASONS FOR PARASITE ESCAPE CONSEQUENCES OF PARASITE RELEASE FISHES MOLLUSCS CRABS CONCLUSION 12 ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNITY INVASIBILITY THE ABIOTIC FILTER RESOURCE LEVELS BIOTIC RESISTANCE AND SPECIES DIVERSITY EXPERIMENTAL VS OBSERVATIONAL APPROACHES LARGE- VS SMALL-SCALE STUDIES FACILITATION INCREASING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AMELIORATING PHYSICAL STRESS FACILITATION CASCADES AND “INVASIONAL MELTDOWN” DISTURBANCE HISTORICAL CONTEXT SECTION IV INVADER INTEGRATION INTO ECOSYSTEMS 13 THE INTEGRATION OF INVASIVE SPECIES INTO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 ARE MOST MARINE INVASIONS ECOLOGICALLY HARMLESS? 13 3 ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS OF MARINE INVADERS 13 4 CONCLUSION REFERENCE 14 COMPETITION IN MARINE INVASIONS 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 A REVIEW OF THE COMPETITION LITERATURE ON MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES 14 2 1 WHAT EXOTIC TAXA ARE STUDIED FOR COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS? 14 2 2 WHAT REGIONS AND HABITATS ARE STUDIED? 14 2 3 HOW OFTEN DOES COMPETITION OCCUR AND HOW ARE ITS EFFECTS MEASURED/INDEXED? 14 3 SHOULD COMPETITION BE STRONGER IN HUMAN MEDIATED INVASIONS? 14 4 CAVEATS TO THE CONCLUSION OF STRONG AND FREQUENT COMPETITION IN THE MARINE INVASION LITERATURE 14 5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 14 6 CONCLUSION 15 PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS OF MARINE INVADERS THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN MARINE COMMUNITIES PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS IN INVADED SYSTEMS: A LITERATURE REVIEW DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS IN INVADED SYSTEMS INVASIONS OF PREDATORY ZOOPLANKTON PREDATION AS AN INVASION-CONTROL MECHANISM PREDATION BY INVADERS AS A FACILITATIVE FORCE FOR FURTHER INVASIONS 16 THE ROLE OF EXOTIC MARINE ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL IMPACTS ENGINEERING AUTOGENIC VS ALLOGENIC ENGINEERING INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON FOOD WEBS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING DETECTING ENGINEERING EFFECTS EFFECTS ON ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT ALONE COMPARISONS OF INVADED AND UNINVADED AREAS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES EFFECTS OF EXOTIC ENGINEERS ON ABIOTIC FACTORS AND PROCESSES WATER COLUMN AND HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS SEDIMENTATION AND BENTHIC CONDITIONS PLANTS AND ANIMALS AS AGENTS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE NET EFFECTS OF EXOTIC-INDUCED CHANGES TO HABITAT COMPLEXITY SCALE IMPLICATIONS 17 MULTITROPHIC EFFECTS OF INVASIONS IN MARINE AND ESTUARINE SYSTEMS MULTITROPHIC IMPACTS CASE HISTORY #1: THE ECOSYSTEM ENGINEER SPARTINA IN WEST COAST ESTUARIES CASE HISTORY #2: CONTRASTING TROPHIC EFFECTS OF A NON-NATIVE AND NATIVE PREDATOR IN A CENTRAL CALIFORNIA ESTUARY INVASIONS AS DISTURBANCE: A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING MULTITROPHIC-LEVEL IMPACTS CONCLUSIONS SECTION V MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES 18 MARINE BIOINVASION MANAGEMENT: STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK INACTION VS ACTION MARINE BIOSECURITY – PREVENTION, REGULATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF INVASIONS OTHER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ADDITIONAL LITERATURE BALLAST WATER BIOFOULING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 19 EXAMPLES OF CURRENT INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR PREVENTING AND MANAGING MARINE BIOINVASIONS INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS GENERAL OBLIGATIONS INTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE AGREEMENTS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY VECTOR-BASED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS REGIONAL MULTI-LATERAL FRAMEWORKS HELSINKI COMMISSION ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION NATIONAL EXAMPLES AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND USA 20 AN OVERVIEW OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN A MARINE BIOSECURITY CONTEXT DE? NING ENDPOINTS CORE VALUES UNCERTAINTY AND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE/APPROACH QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT SPECIES LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT SPECIES LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT EXAMPLES VECTOR BASED RISK ASSESSMENT VECTOR BASED RISK ASSESSMENT EXAMPLES PATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAY RISK ASSESSMENT EXAMPLES 21 DIFFERING CONSEQUENCES OF REMOVING ECOSYSTEM-MODIFYING INVADERS: SIGNI? CANCE OF IMPACT AND COMMUNITY CONTEXT TO RESTORATION POTENTIAL A PREDICTIVE CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR POST-REMOVAL RESTORATION CONTEXT DEPENDENT RESTORATION: INVASIVE ENGLISH CORDGRASS AS AN EXAMPLE SECTION VI GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES 22 GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES OF INVASIONS IN THE SEA THE EMERGING GLOBAL PICTURE OF MARINE INVASION – POSSIBILITIES AND PRECAUTIONS 23 THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE ALIEN SPECIES IN SOUTH AFRICA 23 1 INTRODUCTION 23 2 CNIDARIA 23 3 POLYCHAETA 23 4 CIRRIPEDIA 23 5 ISOPODA 23 6 AMPHIPODA 23 7 DECAPODA 23 8 BRYOZOA 23 9 BIVALVIA 23 10 GASTROPODA 23 11 ECHINOIDEA 23 12 ASCIDIACEA 23 13 PISCES 23 14 RHODOPHYTA 23 15 PATTERNS AND ADEQUACY OF DATA 23 16 ADDITIONAL CRYPTOGENIC SPECIES 24 MARINE INVASIONS IN NEW ZEALAND: A HISTORY OF COMPLEX SUPPLY-SIDE DYNAMICS 24 1 INTRODUCTION 24 2 STATUS OF MARINE INVASIONS IN NZ 24 3 WHAT IS NON-NATIVE? 24 4 EVIDENCE OF THE LEAKY BORDER 24 5 REASONS WHY INTRODUCTIONS CONTINUE 24 6 MOST COMMON MARINE PATHWAYS 24 6 1 BALLAST WATER 24 6 2 HULL FOULING AND SEA CHESTS 24 7 THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF INCURSION RISK 24 8 CHANGES IN THE SOURCE OF INVADERS 24 9 THE COMPLEXITY OF MAKING FORECASTS 24 10 CONCLUSION 25 MARINE BIOINVASIONS IN AUSTRALIA 25 1 INTRODUCTION 25 2 NON-NATIVE AND CRYPTOGENIC MARINE SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA 25 3 PROBLEMS WITH LISTS OF NON-NATIVE AND CRYPTOGENIC SPECIES 26 MARINE BIOINVASIONS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PACI? C: STATUS, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC IMPACTS, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE CHILEAN MARINE SYSTEM MARINE NIS INTRODUCTIONS IN CHILE LIKELY PATHWAYS OF MARINE NIS INTRODUCTIONS LIKELY DONOR AREAS OF MARINE NIS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NIS POSITIVE IMPACTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF MARINE NIS IN CHILE MARINE NIS IN PERUVIAN WATERS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NIS IN CHILE MARINE NIS REGULATIONS IN CHILE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 MARINE BIOINVASIONS IN THE BRAZILIAN COAST: BRIEF REPORT ON HISTORY OF EVENTS, VECTORS, ECOLOGY, IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT OF NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES THE PLANKTON REALM PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES THE BENTHIC REALM PHYTOBENTHOS ZOOBENTHOS INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTIONS RELATED TO MARINE FARMING FINAL REMARKS 28 FOUR CENTURIES OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS IN TIDAL WATERS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION DESCRIPTION OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION PHYSICAL FEATURES HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL STUDIES PATTERNS OF INVASION IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION AND RESIDENCY CHANGING PATTERNS OF INVASION OVER TIME 29 INTRODUCED AQUATIC SPECIES OF THE NORTH SEA COASTS AND ADJACENT BRACKISH WATERS NON-INDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES IN THE NORTH SEA REGION NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES RECORDED IN THE NORTH SEA AS A RESULT OF NATURAL DISPERSAL CASE HISTORIES CREPIDULA FORNICATA – THE SLIPPER LIMPET ERIOCHEIR SINENSIS – THE CHINESE MITTEN CRAB TEREDO NAVALIS – THE SHIPWORM 30 EUROPEAN ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS THE BLACK SEA ORIGIN OF NATIVE BIOTA NONINDIGENOUS FLORA AND FAUNA VECTORS, MODES OF TRANSMISSION THE CASPIAN SEA ORIGIN OF NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES THE BALTIC SEA ORIGIN OF THE NIS 31 MARINE BIOINVASIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA – HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: A “HOTSPOT” OF MARINE BIOINVASIONS SPATIAL PATTERNS TEMPORAL PATTERNS ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDITERRANEAN INVADERS (FISH) ERYTHREAN INVASION THROUGH THE SUEZ CANAL A HISTORY OF DRAMATIC CHANGES THE WARM WINTER OF 1954–55 THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC TRANSIENT ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS OF ERYTHREAN INVADERS IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF THE ERYTHREAN INVASION ON HUMAN ACTIVITY LAGOONS AS INVASION HOTSPOTS INFAMOUS INVADERS MACROPHYTES ANIMALS 32 A FIRST ASSESSMENT OF INVASIVE MARINE SPECIES ON CHINESE AND KOREAN COASTS MARINE INVADERS IN KOREA AND CHINA PATHOGENS IN THE MARICULTURE INDUSTRY MUSSELS SEA STARS TUNICATES BRYOZOANS PHYTOPLANKTON VECTORS OF INVASIONS INTO KOREAN AND CHINESE WATERS 33 INVASIONS OF ESTUARIES VS THE ADJACENT OPEN COAST: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE HABITAT DIFFERENCES IN MARINE INVASION RATES AN ESTUARINE EMPHASIS TO MARINE INVASION RESEARCH A SYNTHESIS OF GLOBAL TEMPERATE INVERTEBRATE DATA ON INVASIONS ESTUARINE VS OPEN COAST INVASIONS REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ESTUARINE VS COASTAL INVASIONS HYPOTHESES FOR HIGHER INVASION RATES OF ESTUARIES VS COASTS GREATER ALIEN PROPAGULE PRESSURE IN ESTUARIES ESTUARINE SPECIES ARE BETTER SUITED TO ESTUARINE CONDITIONS ESTABLISHMENT IS FACILITATED BY THE LIMITED CIRCULATION IN ESTUARIES ESTUARIES HAVE UNDERGONE MORE HUMAN ALTERATIONS ESTUARIES HAVE MORE “EMPTY NICHES” DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH SECTION VII CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 34 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MARINE INVASIONS RESEARCH SCIENTI? C CONSIDERATIONS MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS