INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL IN WATER SYSTEMS
CONTENTS ANCHORAGE SYSTEM FOR PENSTOCKS—CASE STUDY OF CHAMPAWAT TOWN PUMPING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME AN OVERVIEW ON TOXICITY, DETECTION, AND REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM IN WATER AND WASTEWATER ‘PHYTOWASTE’ AND VERMICOMPOSTING AS A POTENTIAL ROUTE FOR ITS ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPATIBLE UTILIZATION MICROPLASTIC CONTAMINATION AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BOTTLED DRINKING WATER IMPACT OF WATER POLLUTION ON ENDEMIC SPECIES PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RICE CULTIVARS WHICH IN?UENCE THE QUANTITY OF METHANE EMITTED BY THE CULTIVARS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON TOURISM-BASED LIVELIHOOD AND RELATED YOUTH MIGRATION—A CASE STUDY FOR NAINITAL, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA STUDY OF SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF 1,4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES DERIVATIVES ASSESSMENT OF THE ABILITY OF A NOVEL MACHINE TO SEPARATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBSTRATE–EARTHWORM–VERMICOMPOST MIXTURES BIOSORPTION OF SAFRANINE O DYE BY SAWDUST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COPPER AND IRON BASED DYES AS LIGHT HARVESTERS GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CUCURBITA PEPO LEAVES EXTRACT AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES METHANE EMISSION FROM KALIVELI WETLAND: AN ASSESSMENT BIOSORPTION OF SAFRANIN-O DYE BY SHELL OF ARACHIS HYPOGAEA ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETER IN SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF DEHRADUN DISTRICT OF UTTARAKHAND HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER HENWAL USING WATER QUALITY INDICES WITH REFERENCE TO PLANKTONIC COMPOSITION ANCHORAGE SYSTEM FOR PENSTOCKS—CASE STUDY OF CHAMPAWAT TOWN PUMPING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ABSTRACT THIS PAPER DEALS WITH THE DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE SYSTEM FOR PENSTOCK OF THE PROPOSED PALATABLE WATER SUPPLY LINE FOR THE REORGANISATION SCHEME OF UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM FOR CHAMPAWAT TOWN, CHAMPAWAT DISTRICT IN STATE OF UTTARAKHAND, INDIA THE PENSTOCK HAS DEVIATIONS AND CHANGE IN THE ELEVATION BECAUSE OF THIS, THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE AND UNBALANCED INTERNAL PRESSURE IS GENERATED BY MOVING WATER WHICH WILL PRODUCE THE HORIZONTAL THRUST ON THE PENSTOCK BENDS AND AT JOINTS SINCE THE PRESSURE IN THE PENSTOCK IS VARYING WITH RESPECT TO CHANGE IN DIRECTION AND ELEVATION WHICH IN TURN LEAD TO BURSTING OR RUPTURE OF THE PENSTOCK HENCE FOR THE ECONOMIC USAGE OF PENSTOCK, AN ANCHORAGE SYSTEM HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY MEANS OF RCC THRUST BLOCK THIS ANCHOR PROVIDED TO PENSTOCK WILL ACT AS THE THRUST RESTRAINT DUE TO ITS DEAD WEIGHTS PLACED OPPOSITE TO PENSTOCK’S LINE OF HORIZONTAL THRUST THE DESIGN OF THE RCC THRUST BLOCK HAS BEEN DONE MANUALLY KEYWORDS RCC THRUST BLOCK MOMENTUM THRUST ABSORBER DEVIATION ANGLE PENSTOCK AND PALATABLE WATER NOTATIONS P THRUST PF FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE PP PASSIVE PRESSURE PA ACTIVE PRESSURE CPHEEO CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ORGANISATION T E L TOTAL ENERGY LINE GL GROUND LEVEL RSF RAPID SAND ?LTER BFG BOULDER ?LLED GALLERY IPS INTERMEDIATE PUMPING STATION WTP WATER TREATMENT PLANT MS ERW MILD STEEL ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDED PIPE API 5L PIPE SPECI?CATION AS PER ISO 1984) THIS SCHEME NAME IS REORGANISATION SCHEME WHICH WAS LAUNCHED BY THE UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM (I S 5330 1984) SINCE THE RESIDENTS ARE REELING UNDER AN ACUTE WATER CRISIS AS RAIN HAS DAMAGED THE PENSTOCK LINE OF CHAMPAWAT TOWN, HENCE INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER A NEW WATER SUPPLY LINE BEING LAYED FOR THIS TOWN THE PREVIOUS PENSTOCK LINE HAD GOT DAMAGED DUE TO THE IMPROPER KNOWLEDGE OF LAYING OF PENSTOCK, AND THE ANCHORAGE SYSTEM HAD NOT BEEN PROVIDED SOURCE OF WATER IS FROM THE LOCAL KUERALA NADI (RIVER) WHICH WILL ?NALLY MEET KAI NADI (RIVER), NEPAL WATER IS CONVEYED TO THE EXISTING LINE OF 9 KM WITHIN THE TOWN WATER AFTER COLLECTION PASSED THROUGH BFG AND LATER PURI?ED IN RSF UNIT THEN SUPPLIED TO THE TOWN THROUGH PUMPING IN ?VE STAGES FROM IPS WITHIN THE TOTAL LENGTH 17 KM RAISING MAIN THE TOTAL COST OF PROJECT IS NEARLY CRORE | WATER LOAD COMING ON WTP IS 4000 LPM AND TREATED WATER GOING OUT FOR TOWN IS 3600 LPM (I S 5330 1984) HENCE DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE BLOCKS FOR THE ?VE STAGES OF IPS HAS BEEN DONE IN THIS PAPER (FIGS 1, 2 AND 3) FIG 1 INDIA POLITICAL MAP (NEHER AND LIN 1978) INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER FIG 2 UTTARAKHAND POLITICAL MAP (NEHER AND LIN 1978) CONCRETE CONCRETE IS A UNIQUE DIVERSITY MATERIAL WHICH IS OBTAINED BY THE MIXTURE OF INERT MATERIALS WHICH ARE CALLED AS AGGREGATES, THE CEMENT AND WATER BY CONTROLLING THE PROPORTION OF THESE THREE COMPONENTS WITH WHICH DESIRED GRADE OF M20 HAS BEEN PREPARED AND THE MINIMUM GRADE OF THE CONCRETE SHOULD BE M20 AND MAXIMUM QUANTITY OF CEMENT SHOULD BE 560 KG/M3 WHICH HAS TO BE MAINTAINED (POLITICAL MAPS OF INDIA, UTTARAKHAND AND CHAMPAWAT ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE) THE WATER USING FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF THE CONCRETE WAS TAP WATER (POLITICAL MAPS OF INDIA, UTTARAKHAND AND CHAMPAWAT ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE; IS 456 2000; PUNMIA ET AL 2014) THE GRADE OF CONCRETE, QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND QUALITY OF WATER HAS BEEN MAINTAINED AT SITE STEEL REINFORCEMENT THE CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION AND WEAK IN TENSION (POLITICAL MAPS OF INDIA, UTTARAKHAND AND CHAMPAWAT ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE; IS 456 2000; PUNMIA ET AL 2014), HENCE CONCRETE WAS REINFORCED WITH THE HYSD BARS TO TAKE UP THE TENSION AND TO PREVENT CONCRETE FROM THE SHRINKAGE AND CREEP WHICH WILL OCCUR DUE TO THE VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE WITH THE TIME (POLITICAL MAPS OF INDIA, UTTARAKHAND AND INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER CHAMPAWAT ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE; IS 456 2000; PUNMIA ET AL 2014) MINIMUM AREA OF STEEL USED WAS 0 12% OF SURFACE AREA OF ANCHORAGE BLOCK (POLITICAL MAPS OF INDIA, UTTARAKHAND AND CHAMPAWAT ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE; IS 456 2000; PUNMIA ET AL 2014) FORCE TRANSFER MECHANISM UNBALANCED FORCES IN A PIPELINE ARE DEVELOPED AT ELBOWS, TEES, WYES, REDUCERS, VALVES, AND DEAD ENDS (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; GARG 2010; NEHER AND LIN 1978; KRISHNA AND JAIN 2015; MANGANARO 1968; SCHMID AND BAUHAHN 1960; VISHWANATH 2012; CPHEEO 1999; UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM, INDIA) THESE FORCES ARE SHOWN IN FIG THE FORCE GENERATED BY MOVING WATER WHICH IS OCCURRED AT THE PENSTOCK JOINT AND BEND IS TRANSFERRED TO THE THRUST BLOCK AND THRUST BLOCK OR THRUST ABSORBER TRANSFER THE THRUST TO SURROUNDING SOIL IN WHICH IT IS BURIED THE LOAD TRANSFERRED TO SOIL SHOULD BE WITHIN THE SBC OF THE SOIL (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; NEHER AND LIN 1978; KRISHNA AND JAIN 2015; MANGANARO 1968; VISHWANATH 2012; CPHEEO 1999; UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM, INDIA) INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER FIG 4 SHOWING OCCURRENCE OF THRUST 8 COHESION OF SANDY SOIL, C CALCULATION OF THRUST (P) THERE IS MOMENTUM AS THE WATER IS ?OWING IN PENSTOCK, WHEN THERE IS CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF ?OW MOMENTUM GETS VARIES, NEWTON 2ND LAW STATES “THE RATE OF CHANGE OF MOMENTUM IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE APPLIED IN DIRECTION OF FORCE” (GARG 2010; QAWSM 1993) THE RESOLUTION OF THE FORCES HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED BY REFERENCE (QAWSM 1993) THE CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF PENSTOCK IS MEASURED AS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER FIG 5 SHOWING STAGE-I LEVELS RL IN M CHAINAGE OF STAGE-I IN M DIA OF PENSTOCK=250MM,MS,ERW PROFILE LEVEL/L-SECTION T E L GL FIG 6 SHOWING STAGE-II LEVELS RL IN M CHAINAGE OF STAGE-II IN M DIA OF PENSTOCK=300MM,MS ERW,API5L PROFILE LEVEL/L-SECTION GL T E L FIG 7 SHOWING STAGE-III LEVELS RL IN M CHAINAGE OF STAGE-III IN M DIA OF PENSTOCK=300MM,MS,ERW,API5L PROFILE LEVEL/L-SECTION GL T E L INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER FIG 8 SHOWING STAGE-IV LEVELS RL IN M CHAINAGE OF STAGE-IV IN M DIA OF PENSTOCK=300MM,MS,ERW,API5L PROFILE LEVEL/L-SECTION GL T E L FIG 9 SHOWING STAGE-V LEVELS G + P)SIN? 2 AND UNIT IS IN KN LKP + 2CHL KP C ACTIVE PRESSURE (PA): IT IS THE MINIMUM PRESSURE WHICH MAY OCCUR ON THRUST BLOCK IS CALLED ACTIVE PRESSURE (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; CPHEEO 1999) ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE IS DEVELOPED IF THE THRUST BLOCK IS FREE TO YIELD AWAY FROM SOIL MASS (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; CPHEEO 1999) WILL ACT ON THE PORTION OF PROJECTED PIPE I E , WHEN BLOCK IS FREE TO YIELD OR SLIDE AWAY FROM SOIL THE UNIT IS IN KN PA = ?SH 1 ?SIN? 1 + SIN? ? 2C 1 ?SIN? 1 + SIN? OR F FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS): FACTOR OF SAFETY IS THE RATIO OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH TO THE ACTUAL WORKING STRESS OR MAX PERMISSIBLE STRESS WHEN IN USE (PUNMIA ET AL 2014, 2016; IS 456 2000; VISHWANATH 2012; CPHEEO 1999) HERE IT IS THE RATIO OF THE TOTAL RESISTANCE TO THE HORIZONTAL THRUST IT SHOULD BE GREATER THAN 2 AND LESS THAN 3 IF FACTOR OF SAFETY IS WITH IN 2 AND 3 IT WILL SAFELY CARRY THE HORIZONTAL THRUST AND ALSO THE WATER HAMMER EFFECT IF THE FACTOR OF SAFETY IS WITHIN ABOVE PRESCRIBED LIMITS THEN THE THRUST BLOCK WILL BE EF?CIENT AND ECONOMICAL FOR INTENDED PURPOSE OF WORK (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; CPHEEO 1999; UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM, INDIA) FOS = PR P FOS SHOULD BE >2 AND <3 FOR THE OPTIMUM SIZE OF THE THRUST BLOCK (PUNMIA ET AL 2016; CPHEEO 1999; UTTARAKHAND PEYJAL NIGAM, INDIA) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION THE TABLE 1 SHOWS THE RESULTS WHICH WERE OBTAINED FOR SIZES OF THRUST BLOCK FOR ?VE STAGES OF INTERMEDIATE PUMPING STATIONS THE OBTAINED SIZES WERE EMPLOYED FOR THE CHAMPAWAT TOWN PUMPING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME THE ABOVE OBTAINED ALL THRUST BLOCKS HAS THE FOS >2 AND <3 HENCE THE OBTAINED SIZES OF THRUST BLOCKS ARE SAFE FOR THE WORKING OF PENSTOCK AND THE SURFACE STEEL REINFORCEMENT OF 8?@200 MM C/C PROVIDED FIGURE 10 SHOWS THE TYPICAL PLAN AND SECTION OF ANCHORAGE BLOCK THAT IS THRUST BLOCK WHICH IS SHOWING THE REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT IN THE THRUST BLOCK INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF WATER AND WASTEWATER TABLE 1 FACTOR SAFETY FOR VARIOUS STAGES STAGE CHAINAGE IN ‘M’ DIA OF PENSTOCK IN ‘M’ THRUST (P) IN KN SIZE OF THRUST BLOCK L × B × H IN ‘M’ FOS I III WIKIPEDIA: CHAMPAWAT, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA