HUMAN RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL ODORS
CONTENTS SECTION I ANATOMY, GENETICS, NEUROLOGY, DISEASE, AND EVOLUTION CHAPTER THE ANATOMY OF THE CANINE NOSE EVOLUTION OF THE NOSE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOSE SKELETON OF THE MUZZLE NASAL PLANUM, CARTILAGES, AND MUSCLES VESTIBULE AND VOMERONASAL ORGAN NASAL CAVITIES AND PARANASAL SINUSES OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS AND THEIR CONNECTIONS TO THE BRAIN CHAPTER WIRING OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM AND THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NEURONS AND GLIA DURING LIFELONG TURNOVER CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS OF THE MAIN OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM ARE CRUCIAL FOR ODOR PERCEPTION OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS CLOSELY ASSOCIATE WITH AXONS IN THE LAMINA PROPRIA, OLFACTORY NERVES, AND OLFACTORY BULB FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS AND OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS DURING LIFELONG NEURAL TURNOVER NEUROGENESIS AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS AXONAL GROWTH OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS INTO THE MAIN OLFACTORY BULB CONVERGENCE OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURON AXONS ONTO SPECIFIC GLOMERULI NEURON–GLIA INTERACTIONS AND DETERMINATION OF THE PHENOTYPE OF OLFACTORY SENSORY NEURONS AND OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS LESSONS FROM THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE AND HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY OLFACTION AND THE CANINE BRAIN FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PATHWAYS OF OLFACTORY STIMULATION TO THE CANINE BRAIN HEMISPHERIC SPECIALIZATION AND OLFACTION IN DOGS OLFACTORY CUES IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR CONCLUSIONS GENETICS OF CANINE OLFACTION OLFACTORY SYSTEMS MAIN OLFACTORY SYSTEM ACCESSORY OLFACTORY SYSTEM MASERA’S ORGAN AND GRUNEBERG GANGLION ODORANT RECEPTORS OLFACTORY RECEPTORS VOMERONASAL RECEPTORS TRACE AMINE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTORS THE DOG’S OR REPERTOIRE STRUCTURE OF THE DOG OR GENES AND PROTEINS GENOMIC ORGANIZATION OF THE DOG OR GENES DOG OR GENE POLYMORPHISM POLYMORPHISM AND ODOR PERCEPTION OR GENE EXPRESSION A COMBINATORIAL CODE DOG OLFACTION AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION ENDNOTES EFFECTS OF DISEASE ON CANINE OLFACTION DIAGNOSIS OF OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION CAUSES OF OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION EFFECTS OF TRAUMA EFFECTS OF AGE EFFECTS OF DRUGS EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE EFFECTS OF SECONDHAND SMOKE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND ILLEGAL NARCOTICS OLFACTION IN WILD CANIDS AND RUSSIAN CANID HYBRIDS THE FUNCTION OF THE CANINE NOSE HUNTING COMMUNICATION IS WILD CANID OLFACTION BETTER? A CASE STUDY IN THE USE OF WILD CANID–DOG HYBRIDS IN DETECTION WORK CONTENTS SECTION II CHEMISTRY AND AERODYNAMICS OF ODORS CHAPTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ITS USES IN ODOR ANALYSIS BEGINNINGS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH CARRIER GAS INJECTOR COLUMNS DETECTORS MASS SPECTROMETRY ELECTRON AND CHEMICAL IONIZATION ANALYZERS COMBINING TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC × GC-TOF/MS) APPLICATIONS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AERODYNAMICS OF ODOR PLUMES AND ODOR PLUME STRUCTURES IN DIFFERENT HABITATS IMPORTANCE OF SCALE SPATIAL SCALE TEMPORAL SCALE PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON ODOR TRANSMISSION IN AIR BOUNDARY LAYERS SUMMARY OF THE PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS TO ODOR DISPERSION PHASES OF PLUME GROWTH ODOR LANDSCAPES AT VARYING SCALES SEARCHING ODOR LANDSCAPES: ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC ODOR FIELDS HIGH MEAN AIRFLOW WITH NO SECONDARY FLOW HIGH MEAN AIRFLOW WITH SECONDARY FLOW LOW MEAN AIRFLOW WITH NO SECONDARY FLOW LOW MEAN AIRFLOW WITH SECONDARY FLOW BOUNDARY LAYERS IN HABITATS SUMMARY THE PRACTICAL AND LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ODOR IN RELATION TO CANINE FORENSIC AND JUDICIAL EVIDENCE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THE ODOR OF HUMAN CADAVERS EVIDENCE OF DECOMPOSITION EVENT FROM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ARGUMENT AGAINST AN IDENTIFIABLE HUMAN DECOMPOSITION PROFILE TRIAL COURT RULING SEARCH FOR THE HUMAN DECOMPOSITION PROFILE RELATING ANALYTICALLY DETERMINED DECOMPOSITION PROFILES TO CANINE SCENT ALERTS PORTABLE GC/MS UNITS COCAINE ON CURRENCY METHYL BENZOATE: A BREAKDOWN PRODUCT OF COCAINE SNAPDRAGONS: ODOR PROFILES WITH HIGH METHYL BENZOATE LEVELS SECTION III BEHAVIOR, LEARNING, AND TRAINING CHAPTER 10 CANINE OLFACTORY LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR CLASSICAL (PAVLOVIAN) CONDITIONING TIMING TRIAL SPACING ODOR FAMILIARITY OPERANT CONDITIONING DELIVERY OF THE REINFORCER EXTINCTION SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WHEN TO REWARD? IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT STIMULUS CONTROL CUEING THE ALERT GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION SIMPLE ODOR MIXTURES BLOCKING OVERSHADOWING COMPLEX STIMULUS CONTROL OLFACTION AS A SYNTHETIC SENSE CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION: THE DUAL FUNCTION DOG MEMORY CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS CHAPTER 11 TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS IN WILDLIFE DETECTION DOG SELECTION HANDLER SELECTION PASSIVE FINAL RESPONSE TRAINING SAMPLES SCAT OTHER NONLIVING TARGETS LIVE ANIMALS TRANSITION TO NATURALLY OCCURRING TARGETS RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE HANDLER SAFETY GUIDING THE SEARCH MAINTAINING ALERT PERFORMANCE CONTENTS NONTARGET ISSUES “LYING” HANDLER ERROR TARGET CONFUSION DOG IS ACTUALLY CORRECT MULTIPLE RELATED SPECIES WITH OVERLAPPING RANGES MAINTAINING TARGET FIDELITY IN THE FIELD ENDNOTE CHAPTER 12 TRAINING FUNDAMENTALS AND THE SELECTION OF DOGS AND PERSONNEL FOR DETECTION WORK IS TRAINING AN ART OR A SCIENCE? AXIOMS OF CANINE TRAINING LET THE DOG BE A DOG RESTRICT HUMAN INVOLVEMENT AND LIMIT UNNECESSARY DEPENDENCE PROFICIENCY PROGRESSION VERSUS TIME-BASED COURT PREPARATION TRAINING ANTHROPOMORPHISM AS A CONFOUNDER ACTIONS AND INTONATIONS OF CUEING SELECTING DOGS FOR OLFACTION RESPONSIBILITIES BREED AS A PREFERENCE DRIVE OR DESIRE CANINE AGE AS A SELECTION TOOL ABILITY TO INTERACT BASED ON HANDLER PREFERENCES DOMINANCE ASSOCIATION AS A SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP FAST LEARNING VS PROFICIENCY CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT CONDITIONING, AND LEARNING FROM SOCIAL STIMULI VETERINARY EVALUATION SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF A HANDLER SELECTION OF A TRAINER OR A VENDOR SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 13 TRAINING A STATISTICALLY SUPERIOR SCENT DISCRIMINATION CANINE: WHERE TRAINER WISDOM MEETS SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION ACCLIMATION MARKERS AS REWARDS, REINFORCERS, MOTIVATORS, AND COMMANDS VISUAL MOTIVATION VERBAL AND AUDIBLE PRAISE AND ENCOURAGEMENT FOOD REWARDS TACTILE MOTIVATION AND SUPPORT TOYS AND OTHER PHYSICAL REINFORCERS COMMANDS AND OBEDIENCE MOTIVATION DELIVERY TIMING, CONDITIONING, AND SCHEDULES HUNTING AND LIKING ODOR AS THE REINFORCER FOR DETECTION DOGS PREEXPOSURE PRECONDITIONING AND INITIAL ODOR RECOGNITION TRAINING RESPIRATORY RATE AND CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS NUTRITION MONITORING TECHNIQUE TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION TRAINING FOR RELIABILITY HUMAN INVOLVEMENT AND BOREDOM IN TRAINING DUTCH BOX AND OTHER SHAPING DEVICES LIMITING HUMAN INVOLVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE THE FORAGING MODEL ESTABLISHING TARGET ODOR RECOGNITION AND SELF-REWARDING RECALL IN ODOR RECOGNITION TRAINING CONTEXT INDEPENDENCE IN ALL ASPECTS READING ODOR RECOGNITION DEPRIVATION AS MOTIVATION ENSURING PROFICIENCY BY TESTING, TESTING, TESTING DIVERSITY IN TRAINING CHAPTER 14 STATISTICAL RELIABILITY CONFOUNDERS AND IMPROVEMENT IN ADVANCED DOG TRAINING: PATTERNS, ROUTINES, TARGETS, ALERTS, DISTRACTORS, REINFORCEMENT, AND OTHER ISSUES INDEPENDENT SNIFFING AND PATTERNING DURING SEARCH ROUTINES BEHAVIOR CHANGES AND ALERT RESPONSES TYPES OF ALERTS AND INDICATIONS FALSE ALERTS MUST BE ADDRESSED RESIDUAL AND LINGERING ODOR, WHAT’S LEFT BEHIND HONORING FOR ALERT IMPROVEMENT DEPLOYMENT READY PATTERNING REINFORCER TIMING AND PLACEMENT DISTRACTORS, DETECTION TO DISCRIMINATION ADDITIONAL TARGET ODORS OVERWHELMING DISTRACTOR (MASKING) ODOR TRAINING WELL-BALANCED DOG AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDNESS CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT IS MANDATORY SINGLE-BLIND AND DOUBLE-BLIND TESTING INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGIES OR STANDARDS RECORDKEEPING INTEGRITY CERTIFICATIONS SECTION IV USES IN FORENSICS AND LAW CHAPTER 15 CANINE DRUG-DETECTION EVIDENCE: ADMISSIBILITY, CANINE QUALIFICATIONS, AND INVESTIGATIVE PRACTICES CONTENTS BACKGROUND AND CANINE SNIFF DOCTRINE CANINE SNIFFS OF VEHICLES DRAGNET SNIFFS OF PARKED VEHICLES EXTENDING A COMPLETED TRAFFIC STOP TO PERFORM A CANINE SNIFF VEHICLE-SNIFF LIMITATIONS CANINE SNIFFS OF HOMES WARRANTLESS CANINE SNIFFS OF APARTMENTS GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION TO THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE PUBLIC PROPERTY VERSUS PRIVATE PROPERTY DETECTION DOG CERTIFICATION, TRAINING, AND FIELD PERFORMANCE RECORDS DETERMINING CANINE RELIABILITY FOR CONTRABAND DETECTION CANINE-RELIABILITY DETERMINATIONS AFTER HARRIS TYPES OF CANINE-RELIABILITY EVIDENCE SUBMITTED OTHER POST-HARRIS CANINE-RELIABILITY CHALLENGES: HANDLER CUEING AND UNFAMILIAR CIRCUMSTANCES DAUBERT CHALLENGES TO CANINE SNIFF EVIDENCE AFTER HARRIS CANINE SNIFF EVIDENCE IN CIVIL FORFEITURE CASES: THE CLASSIC BATTLE OF THE EXPERTS RETIREMENT OF MARIJUANA-TRAINED DETECTION DOGS IN STATES WHERE MARIJUANA POSSESSION AND USE HAS BEEN DECRIMINALIZING CANINE SNIFF OF A PERSON ACKNOWLEDGMENT CHAPTER 16 CADAVER DETECTION IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND CRIMINOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW WITH PERSONAL NOTES HISTORY BEHIND FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND CADAVER DOGS SEARCH FOR REMAINS AND RELIABILITY OF CADAVER DOGS LOCATING ANTIQUATED BURIED HUMAN BONE CADAVER DOG AND SCENT OF BURNED OR CREMATED HUMAN BONE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE: JUDICIAL CASES WITH CADAVER DOGS WISCONSIN V EUGENE J ZAPATA CALIFORNIA V LYLE HERRING U S V EDISON BURGOS-MONTES CADAVER DOGS AND DETECTION OF HUMAN REMAINS IN WATER FUTURE DIRECTIONS CHAPTER 17 DETECTION OF COCAINE ON CURRENCY U S V $30,060 U S V $215,300 COCAINE “ON” CURRENCY INTERPRETATION OF THE LEVEL OF DRUGS ON CURRENCY CHAPTER 18 NARCOTIC AND EXPLOSIVE ODORS: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS TRAINING AIDS FOR OLFACTORY DETECTION TYPES OF MATERIALS PURITY CURRENT STATE OF ACCESS STORAGE VESSELS CONTAMINATION TYPES AND CAUSES INVERSE CONTAMINATION CROSS-CONTAMINATION THE UNKNOWN ODOR CONCENTRATION, AVAILABILITY, AND ATTRIBUTES VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ODOR AID USAGE IN TRAINING AND DEPLOYMENT LIFE SPAN BOUQUETS CHAPTER 19 SCENT LINEUPS: VARIABLES IN PROCEDURES AND STATISTICAL VERIFICATION INDIVIDUAL ODOR THEORY RATIONALE FOR IDENTIFICATION BY SCENT LINEUP FOR FORENSIC PURPOSES DIFFERENT SCENT FOR DIFFERENT BODY PARTS EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS AND VALIDITY OF CANINE IDENTIFICATION VALIDITY OF SCENT LINEUPS PREFERRED SCENTED ITEMS FOR LINEUPS ATTRACTIVENESS FAMILIARITY AND GENDER TIME FACTOR IN SCENT RECOGNITION COSMETICS AND SMOKING CONTROL TRIALS NUMBER OF STATIONS AND TARGET SAMPLES CONTROL AND “ZERO” TRIALS EFFECT OF INCREASING THE NUMBER OF DOGS USED CLEVER HANS EFFECT LOCATION OF TARGET SAMPLES IN LINEUPS ABILITIES OF INDIVIDUAL DOGS OTHER USES OF CANINE LINEUPS CHAPTER 20 HOW U S COURTS DEAL WITH THE “BLACK BOX” OF CANINE SCENT IDENTIFICATION DEVELOPMENT OF FOUNDATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TRACKING EVIDENCE SCENT LINEUPS SCENT TRANSFER UNITS CALIFORNIA V SALCIDO COURTS BEGIN TO QUESTION VALIDITY OF SCENT LINEUPS DUTCH SCENT IDENTIFICATION: WHAT WENT WRONG?—DANIELLE BES CONTENTS HOW DO COURTS DEAL WITH THE “BLACK BOX”? SECTION V USES IN CONSERVATION AND REMEDIATION CHAPTER 21 TRAINED DOGS IN INSECT DETECTION BENEFICIAL INSECTS HARMFUL INSECTS DIFFICULTIES WITH DETECTING INSECTS ADVANTAGES OF CANINE INSECT SCENT DETECTION EARLY HISTORY OF CANINE INSECT SCENT DETECTION EFFICACY OF CANINE DETECTION FOR INSECT SURVEILLANCE FOREST PESTS CROP PESTS VETERINARY PESTS HOUSEHOLD PESTS BENEFICIAL INSECTS (BEES) FALSE-POSITIVE INDICATIONS TRAINING DOGS WITH LIVE INSECTS ALTERNATIVES TO LIVE INSECTS FOR TRAINING PHEROMONES INSECT EXTRACTS INSECT-ASSOCIATED MATERIALS EFFICACY OF ALTERNATIVES TO LIVE INSECTS FOR TRAINING PURPOSES APPLIED CANINE INSECT SCENT DETECTION CHAPTER 22 DETECTION DOGS IN STRATEGIES FOR ERADICATING PEST SPECIES FROM NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS MACQUARIE ISLAND VERTEBRATE PESTS ON MACQUARIE ISLAND THE MACQUARIE ISLAND PEST ERADICATION PROJECT NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION PEST DETECTION DOG PROGRAM BREEDS FOR MACQUARIE ISLAND PROCUREMENT OF DOGS FOR MACQUARIE ISLAND CANINE TRAINING DEPLOYMENT TO MACQUARIE ISLAND COMMENCEMENT OF RABBIT DETECTION MONITORING FOR RABBIT ABSENCE CANINE HEALTH ISSUES MOTIVATIONAL CHALLENGES RODENT DETECTION DOGS SEARCH COVERAGE TRANSFER OF METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 23 CANINE BIODETECTION IN CONSERVATION, ERADICATION, AND BORDER PROTECTION: A REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE CONSERVATION ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OCEAN AND RIVER ENVIRONMENTS USE OF DETECTION DOGS COMPARISON OF CANINE EFFECTIVENESS WITH OTHER SURVEY METHODS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR ARCTIC SURVEYS HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL TIGERS DETECTION OF DISEASE IN WILDLIFE VULTURES, POISONS, AND POLLUTANTS ERADICATION SECTION VI USES IN DETECTION OF DISEASES AND MEDICAL CONDITIONS CHAPTER 24 DETECTION OF HUMAN CANCER BY DOGS MALIGNANT MELANOMA LUNG CANCER BREAST CANCER PROSTATE CANCER BLADDER CANCER OVARIAN CANCER COLORECTAL CANCER STATE OF RESEARCH AND PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION METHODOLOGY ISSUES CHAPTER 25 MEDICAL ALERTING TO SEIZURES, GLYCEMIC CHANGES, AND MIGRAINES: SIGNIFICANCE OF UNTRAINED BEHAVIORS IN SERVICE DOGS AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT SEIZURE ALERTING RISK TO DOGS RECOGNIZING SEIZURES STUDIES WITH VIDEOTAPING PSEUDOSEIZURE DOGS HOW DO DOGS RECOGNIZE SEIZURE ONSETS? HYPERGLYCEMIA AND HYPOGLYCEMIA ALERTING STUDY USING SWABS FROM PATIENTS’ SKIN MIGRAINE ALERTING CONTENTS LEGAL STATUS OF SPONTANEOUSLY ALERTING DOGS NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH U S LEGAL DECISIONS AND ORDERS BY JURISDICTION REFERENCES