ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

By X. GARIM

CONTENTS CHAPTER WATER SUPPLY INTRODUCTION / GROUNDWATER POLLUTION HAZARD / TRAVEL OF POLLUTION THROUGH THE GROUND / DISEASE TRANSMISSION / WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY / WATER CYCLE AND GEOLOGY / GROUNDWATER FLOW / GROUNDWATER CLASSI?CATION / WATER QUALITY / SAMPLING AND QUALITY OF LABORATORY DATA / SANITARY SURVEY AND WATER SAMPLING / SAMPLING FREQUENCY / WATER ANALYSES / HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT—THE STANDARD PLATE COUNT / BACTERIAL EXAMINATIONS / BIOLOGICAL MONITORING / VIRUS EXAMINATION / PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS EXAMINATION / SPECI?C PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS / PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS / MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION / CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS / DRINKING WATER ADDITIVES / WATER QUANTITY / WATER CONSERVATION / WATER REUSE / SOURCE AND PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY / GENERAL / GROUNDWATER / DUG WELL / BORED WELL / DRIVEN AND JETTED WELL / DRILLED WELL / WELL DEVELOPMENT / GROUTING / WELL CONTAMINATION—CAUSE AND REMOVAL / SPRING / IN?LTRATION GALLERY / CISTERN / DOMESTIC WELL-WATER SUPPLIES—SPECIAL PROBLEMS / HOUSEHOLD TREATMENT UNITS (POINT-OF-USE AND POINT-OF-ENTRY) / DESALINATION / REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / CHAPTER WATER TREATMENT TREATMENT OF WATER—DESIGN AND OPERATION CONTROL / SURFACE WATER / TREATMENT REQUIRED / DISINFECTION / GAS CHLORINATOR / TESTING FOR RESIDUAL CHLORINE / CHLORINE TREATMENT FOR OPERATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL / DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONTAMINATION / PLAIN SEDIMENTATION / MICROSTRAINING / COAGULATION, FLOCCULATION, AND SETTLING / FILTRATION / SLOW SAND FILTER / RAPID SAND (GRANULAR MEDIA) FILTER / DIRECT FILTRATION / PRESSURE SAND FILTER / DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTER / PACKAGE WATER TREATMENT PLANT / WATER TREATMENT PLANT WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE / CAUSES OF TASTES AND ODORS / CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS / ZEBRA MUSSEL AND ITS CONTROL / AQUATIC WEED CONTROL / OTHER CAUSES OF TASTES AND ODORS / METHODS TO REMOVE OR REDUCE OBJECTIONABLE TASTES AND ODORS / IRON AND MANGANESE OCCURRENCE AND REMOVAL / CORROSION CAUSE AND CONTROL / REMOVAL OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS / PREVENTION AND REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS / WATER SYSTEM DESIGN PRINCIPLES / DESIGN PERIOD / WATERSHED RUNOFF AND RESERVOIR DESIGN / INTAKES AND SCREENS / PUMPING / DISTRIBUTION STORAGE REQUIREMENTS / PEAK DEMAND ESTIMATES / DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN STANDARDS / SMALL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS / FIRE PROTECTION / CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL / HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEMS / PUMPS / DISPLACEMENT PUMP / CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, ALSO SUBMERSIBLE AND TURBINE / JET PUMP / AIR-LIFT PUMP / HYDRAULIC RAM / PUMP AND WELL PROTECTION / PUMP POWER AND DRIVE / AUTOMATIC PUMP CONTROL / WATER HAMMER / RURAL WATER CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES / DESIGN OF A HOUSEHOLD WATER SYSTEM / EXAMPLES / DESIGN OF SMALL WATER SYSTEMS / DESIGN OF A CAMP WATER SYSTEM / WATER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATES / CLEANING AND DISINFECTION / WELLS AND SPRINGS / PIPELINES / STORAGE RESERVOIRS AND TANKS / EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT / BOILING / CHLORINATION / IODINE / FILTRATION IN AN EMERGENCY / BOTTLED, PACKAGED, AND BULK WATER / WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL DISEASE HAZARD / CRITERIA FOR PROPER WASTEWATER DISPOSAL / DE?NITIONS / SMALL WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS / WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS / SOIL CHARACTERISTICS / SOIL SUITABILITY / POLLUTANT TRAVEL FROM SEPTIC SYSTEMS / SOIL PERCOLATION TEST / SEWAGE FLOW ESTIMATES / SEPTIC TANK / CARE OF SEPTIC TANK AND SUBSURFACE ABSORPTION SYSTEMS / SUBSURFACE SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEMS / ABSORPTION FIELD SYSTEM / LEACHING PIT / CESSPOOL / DRY WELL / SMALL WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR UNSUITABLE SOILS OR SITES / MODI?ED SEPTIC TANK SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEM / EXAMPLE / CAPILLARY SEEPAGE TRENCH / RAISED BED ABSORPTION-EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SYSTEM / SEPTIC TANK SAND FILTER SYSTEM / AEROBIC SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT / SEPTIC TANK MOUND SYSTEM / EXAMPLE 1 / ELECTRIC OSMOSIS SYSTEM / SEPTIC TANK EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SYSTEM / EXAMPLE 2 / SEWAGE WORKS DESIGN—SMALL TREATMENT PLANTS / PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT / SEDIMENTATION / COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION / ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION / BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT / WASTEWATER REUSE / WASTEWATER AEROSOL HAZARD / WASTEWATER DISPOSAL BY LAND TREATMENT / ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT / TYPICAL DESIGNS FOR SMALL TREATMENT PLANTS / STANDARD-RATE TRICKLING FILTER PLANT WITH IMHOFF TANK / HIGH-RATE TRICKLING FILTER PLANT WITH IMHOFF TANK / INTERMITTENT SAND FILTER PLANT WITH IMHOFF TANK OR SEPTIC TANK / DESIGN OF LARGE TREATMENT PLANTS / BIOSOLIDS TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL / COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT / INDUSTRIAL WASTES / HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC LIQUID WASTES / PRETREATMENT /