AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL
CONTENTS AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR POLLUTANTS 3 STANDARDS 3 1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 3 2 EMISSION STANDARDS 4 SOURCES 5 EFFECTS 6 MEASUREMENTS 6 1 AMBIENT SAMPLING 6 2 SOURCE SAMPLING 6 3 SAMPLE LOCATIONS 6 4 GAS FLOW RATES 6 5 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 6 6 SAMPLE TRAIN 6 7 DETERMINATION OF SIZE DISTRIBUTION 7 GAS STREAM CALCULATIONS 7 1 GENERAL 7 2 EMISSION STREAM FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS 7 3 MOISTURE CONTENT, DEW POINT CONTENT, AND SULFUR TRIOXIDE CALCULATIONS 7 4 PARTICULATE MATTER LOADING 7 5 HEAT CONTENT CALCULATIONS 7 6 DILUTION AIR CALCULATIONS 8 GAS STREAM CONDITIONING 8 1 GENERAL 8 2 MECHANICAL COLLECTORS 8 3 GAS COOLERS 8 4 GAS PREHEATERS 9 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT 9 1 RECENT FOCUS 9 2 OZONE 9 3 AIR TOXICS 9 4 GREENHOUSE GASES REDUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY APPROACH 9 5 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS 10 CONTROL 11 CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES 12 1 EXAMPLE 1 12 2 EXAMPLE 2 NOMENCLATURE REFERENCES FABRIC FILTRATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PRINCIPLE AND THEORY 3 APPLICATION 3 1 GENERAL 3 2 GAS CLEANING 3 3 EFFICIENCY 4 ENGINEERING DESIGN 4 1 PRETREATMENT OF AN EMISSION STREAM 4 2 AIR-TO-CLOTH RATIO 4 3 FABRIC CLEANING DESIGN 4 4 BAGHOUSE CONFIGURATION 4 5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 4 6 DESIGN RANGE OF EFFECTIVENESS 5 OPERATION 5 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 5 2 COLLECTION EFFICIENCY 5 3 SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP 5 4 POWER REQUIREMENTS 5 5 FILTER BAG REPLACEMENT 6 MANAGEMENT 6 1 EVALUATION OF PERMIT APPLICATION 6 2 ECONOMICS 6 3 NEW TECHNOLOGY AWARENESS 7 DESIGN EXAMPLES AND QUESTIONS APPENDIX 1: HAP EMISSION STREAM DATA FORM APPENDIX 2: METRIC CONVERSIONS CYCLONES 2 CYCLONES FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 2 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2 2 CORRELATIONS FOR CYCLONE EFFICIENCY 2 3 CORRELATIONS FOR CYCLONE PRESSURE DROP 2 4 OTHER RELATIONS OF INTEREST 2 5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES 3 3 DUCTWORK PURCHASE COST 3 4 STACK PURCHASE COST 3 5 DAMPER PURCHASE COST 3 6 CALCULATION OF PRESENT AND FUTURE COSTS 3 7 COST ESTIMATION EXAMPLES 4 CYCLONES FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE SAMPLING 4 1 PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE ATMOSPHERE 4 2 GENERAL CORRELATION FOR FOUR COMMERCIAL CYCLONES 4 3 A SEMIEMPIRICAL APPROACH 4 4 THE “CYCLONE FAMILY” APPROACH 4 5 PM2 5 SAMPLERS 4 6 EXAMPLES ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION 2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 2 1 CORONA DISCHARGE 2 2 ELECTRICAL FIELD CHARACTERISTICS 2 3 PARTICLE CHARGING 2 4 PARTICLE COLLECTION 3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND CONSIDERATIONS 3 1 PRECIPITATOR SIZE 3 2 PARTICULATE RESISTIVITY 3 3 INTERNAL CONFIGURATION 3 4 ELECTRODE SYSTEMS 3 5 POWER REQUIREMENTS 3 6 GAS FLOW SYSTEMS 3 7 PRECIPITATOR HOUSING 3 8 FLUE GAS CONDITIONING 3 9 REMOVAL OF COLLECTED PARTICLES 3 10 INSTRUMENTATION 4 APPLICATIONS 4 1 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY 4 2 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY 4 3 METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY 4 4 CEMENT INDUSTRY 4 5 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 4 6 MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE INCINERATORS 4 7 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY 4 8 OTHERS 5 PROBLEMS AND CORRECTIONS 5 1 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 5 2 MECHANICAL PROBLEMS WET AND DRY SCRUBBING 1 1 GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS 1 2 WET SCRUBBING OR WET ABSORPTION 1 3 DRY SCRUBBING OR DRY ABSORPTION 2 WET SCRUBBERS 2 1 WET ABSORBENTS OR SOLVENTS 2 2 WET SCRUBBING SYSTEMS 2 3 WET SCRUBBER APPLICATIONS 2 4 PACKED TOWER (WET SCRUBBER) DESIGN 2 5 VENTURI WET SCRUBBER DESIGN 3 DRY SCRUBBERS 3 1 DRY ABSORBENTS 3 2 DRY SCRUBBING SYSTEMS 3 3 DRY SCRUBBING APPLICATIONS 3 4 DRY SCRUBBER DESIGN 4 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES APPENDIX: LISTING OF COMPOUNDS CURRENTLY CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS CONDENSATION 1 1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 1 2 TYPES OF CONDENSING SYSTEMS 1 3 RANGE OF EFFECTIVENESS 2 PRETREATMENT, POSTTREATMENT, AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 2 1 PRETREATMENT OF EMISSION STREAM 2 2 PREVENTION OF VOC EMISSION FROM CONDENSERS 2 3 PROPER MAINTENANCE 2 4 CONDENSER SYSTEM DESIGN VARIABLES 3 ENGINEERING DESIGN 3 1 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION 3 2 ESTIMATING CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE 3 3 CONDENSER HEAT LOAD 3 4 CONDENSER SIZE 3 5 COOLANT SELECTION AND COOLANT FLOW RATE 3 6 REFRIGERATION CAPACITY 3 7 RECOVERED PRODUCT 5 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS 6 DESIGN EXAMPLES APPENDIX: AVERAGE SPECIFIC HEATS OF VAPORS FLARE PROCESS 2 PRETREATMENT AND ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 2 1 SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL REQUIREMENTS 2 2 FLARE GAS FLOW RATE AND HEAT CONTENT 2 3 FLARE GAS EXIT VELOCITY AND DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY 2 4 STEAM REQUIREMENTS 3 1 DESIGN OF THE FLAME ANGLE 3 2 DESIGN OF FLARE HEIGHT 3 3 POWER REQUIREMENTS OF A FAN 4 MANAGEMENT 4 1 DATA REQUIRED FOR PERMIT APPLICATION 4 2 EVALUATION OF PERMIT APPLICATION 4 3 COST ESTIMATION 5 DESIGN EXAMPLES THERMAL OXIDATION 1 2 RANGE OF EFFECTIVENESS 1 3 APPLICABILITY TO REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 2 1 AIR DILUTION 2 2 DESIGN VARIABLES 3 SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL REQUIREMENTS 4 ENGINEERING DESIGN AND OPERATION 4 1 FLUE GAS FLOW RATE 4 2 COMBUSTION CHAMBER VOLUME 4 3 SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP 5 MANAGEMENT 5 1 EVALUATION OF PERMIT APPLICATION 5 2 OPERATIONS AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS 5 3 DECISION FOR REBUILDING, PURCHASING NEW OR USED INCINERATORS 5 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES CATALYTIC OXIDATION 2 1 AIR DILUTION REQUIREMENTS 4 1 FLUE GAS FLOW RATES 4 2 CATALYST BED REQUIREMENT 5 2 OPERATION AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS 5 4 ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES ABD RISK-BASED CORRECTIVE ACTION 10 GAS-PHASE ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 1 1 ADSORPTION 1 2 ADSORBENTS 1 3 CARBON ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION 2 ADSORPTION THEORY 3 CARBON ADSORPTION PRETREAMENT 3 1 COOLING 3 2 DEHUMIDIFICATION 3 3 HIGH VOC REDUCTION 4 DESIGN AND OPERATION 4 1 DESIGN DATA GATHERING 4 2 TYPE OF CARBON ADSORPTION SYSTEMS 4 3 DESIGN OF FIXED REGENERATIVE BED CARBON ADSORPTION SYSTEMS 4 4 DESIGN OF CANISTER CARBON ADSORPTION SYSTEMS 4 5 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE DROPS 4 6 SUMMARY OF APPLICATION 4 7 REGENERATION AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF CARBON ADSORPTION SYSTEM 4 8 GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON VERSUS ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER 4 9 CARBON SUPPLIERS, EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS, AND SERVICE PROVIDERS 11 GAS-PHASE BIOFILTRATION 2 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AIR TREATMENT SYSTEM 2 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS 2 2 NOVEL OR EMERGING DESIGNS 3 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 1 GENERAL OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 2 BIOFILTER MEDIA 3 3 MICROBIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 4 CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 5 COMPARISON TO COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES 4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/PARAMETERS 4 1 PREDESIGN 4 2 PACKING 5 CASE STUDIES 5 1 HIGH-CONCENTRATION 2-PROPANOL AND ACETONE 5 2 GENERAL ODOR CONTROL AT A MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER-TREATMENT FACILITY 6 PROCESS CONTROL AND MONITORING 7 LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGY 8 CONCLUSIONS 12 EMERGING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PROCESS MODIFICATION 3 VEHICLE AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL 3 1 BACKGROUND 3 2 STANDARDS 3 3 SOURCES OF LOSS 3 4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES AND ALTERNATE POWER PLANTS 4 MECHANICAL PARTICULATE COLLECTORS 4 1 GENERAL 4 2 GRAVITATIONAL COLLECTORS 4 3 OTHER METHODS 4 4 USE OF CHEMICALS 4 5 SIMULTANEOUS PARTICLE–GAS REMOVAL INTERACTIONS 5 ENTRAINMENT SEPARATION 6 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 6 1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 6 2 APPLICATIONS TO AIR EMISSION CONTROL 8 ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOLYSIS 8 1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 8 2 APPLICATION TO AIR EMISSION CONTROL 9 HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR FILTERS 9 1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 9 2 APPLICATION TO AIR EMISSION CONTROL 10 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY OF SELECTED EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 10 1 GENERAL DISCUSSION 10 2 EVALUATION OF ICES, MEMBRANE PROCESS, UV PROCESS, AND HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR FILTERS 10 3 EVALUATION OF FUEL-CELL-POWERED VEHICLES FOR AIR EMISSION REDUCTION