MODERN FILTER DESIGN
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 11 Applications of RF and Microwave Filters 1 12 Impedance Matching Networks 4 13 The Concept of Complex Frequency 5 14 Useful Definitions 6 15 Realizable Driving-Point Impedances 10 References 12 CHAPTER 2 Microwave Network Theory 13 21 Introduction 13 22 Concepts of Equivalent Voltage and Current 13 23 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 17 24 Scattering Matrix 19 241 Definition of Scattering Matrix 19 242 Transformation of Scattering Matrix Due to Shift in Reference Plane 24 243 Scattering Matrix of a Lossless Three-Port Network 28 244 Usefulness of Scattering Matrix 28 245 Scattering Matrix and the Concept of Insertion Loss 28 25 Measurement of Scattering Matrix 30 26 Chain or ABCD Matrix 34 261 Use of ABCD Matrix in Computing Network Properties 36 262 Normalized ABCD Matrix 37 References 40 CHAPTER 3 Properties of Microwave Transmission Lines 41 31 Introduction 41 32 Transmission Line Equations 41 33 Transmission Line with Electrical Discontinuity 44 34 Two-Conductor Transmission Lines 45 341 Two Round Conductors of Equal Diameter 45 342 Coaxial Line 46 343 Other Forms of Coaxial Line 50 344 General Equation for Attenuation in Two-Conductor Transmission Lines 50 345 Maximum Power-Handling Capability of a Coaxial Line 52 346 Coaxial Line Discontinuities 54 35 Rectangular Coaxial Line 59 351 Higher-Order Modes in a Rectangular Coaxial Line 60 352 Square Coaxial Line with Circular Inner Conductor 60 36 Strip Transmission Line 61 361 Basic Configuration 61 362 Modes in a Stripline 62 363 Characteristic Impedance of a Balanced Stripline 62 364 Unbalanced Stripline 64 365 Propagation Constant in a Stripline 65 366 Synthesis of a Stripline 65 367 Attenuation Constant in a Stripline 66 368 Power-Handling Capability of a Stripline 67 369 Stripline Discontinuities 67 37 Parallel-Coupled Lines 74 371 Edge-Coupled Striplines 74 372 Synthesis Equations 77 373 Attenuation in Coupled Striplines 78 374 Broadside Coupled Striplines 79 375 Coupled-Slab Lines 85 38 Inhomogeneous Transmission Lines 87 381 Shielded Microstrip Line 88 382 Coupled Microstrip Line 92 383 Suspended Microstrip Line 96 384 Shielded Suspended Microstrip Line 98 385 Edge-Coupled Suspended Microstrip Lines 100 386 Broadside-Coupled Suspended Striplines 102 387 Microstrip and Suspended Stripline Discontinuities 103 39 Single-Conductor Closed Transmission Lines 105 391 Hollow Metallic Waveguides 105 392 Characteristic Impedance of a Circular Waveguide 112 393 Attenuation in a Circular Waveguide 112 394 Maximum Power-Handling Capability of a Waveguide 116 395 Power-Handling Capability of a Circular Waveguide 119 396 Discontinuities in Waveguides and the Circuit Parameters 120 397 Waveguide Asymmetric H-Plane Step 122 398 Mode Matching Method and Waveguide Discontinuities 124 399 Waveguide Discontinuity Analysis in General 132 3910 Finite Element Modal Expansion Method 133 3911 Typical Three-Dimensional Discontinuity in a Rectangular Waveguide 137 References 141 CHAPTER 4 Low-Pass Filter Design 145 41 Insertion Loss Method of Filter Design 145 42 Belevitch Matrix and Transfer Function Synthesis 148 421 Butterworth Approximation 150 422 Cauer Synthesis 153 423 General Solution for Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Response 157 424 Chebyshev Approximation 161 425 Elliptic Function Approximation 168 426 Generalized Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters 175 43 Concept of Impedance Inverter 178 431 Physical Realization of Impedance and Admittance Inverters 186 44 Low-Pass Prototype Using Cross-Coupled Networks 189 45 Design of Low-Pass Prototypes Using Optimization and the Method of Least Squares 193 References 198 Appendix 4A 200 4A11 Darlington Synthesis 201 CHAPTER 5 Theory of Distributed Circuits 207 51 Distributed Element Equivalence of Lumped Elements 207 52 TLE or UE and Kuroda Identity 210 53 Effects of Line Length and Impedance on Commensurate Line Filters 212 531 Design Example 217 532 Low-Pass Filter Prototype with a Mixture of UEs and Impedance Inverters 219 533 Quasi-Distributed Element TEM Filters 230 54 High-Pass Filter Design 233 541 Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation 233 542 Quasi-Lumped Element High-Pass Filter 234 543 Levy’s Procedure for Planar High-Pass Filter Design 237 544 Waveguide High-Pass Filter Design 242 55 Band-Stop Filter Design 243 551 Low-Pass to Band-Stop Transformation 243 552 Determination of Fractional 3-dB Bandwidth of a Single Branch 251 553 Effects of Dissipation Loss in Band-Stop Filters 252 554 Stub-Loaded Band-Stop Filter 253 554 Design Steps for Waveguide Band-Stop Filters 258 References 263 CHAPTER 6 Band-Pass Filters 265 61 Theory of Band-Pass Filters 265 62 Distributed Transmission Line Form of Capacitively Coupled Band-Pass Filter 275 621 Gap-Coupled Transmission Line Band-Pass Filters 275 622 Edge Parallel-Coupled Band-Pass Filters 277 623 Hairpin-Line Filter 284 624 Interdigital Filters 289 625 Capacitively Loaded Interdigital Filters 292 626 Band-Pass Filter Design Based on Coupling Matrix 295 627 Coaxial Cavity Band-Pass Filter Design 303 628 Combline Filters 303 629 Waveguide Band-Pass Filter Design 310 6210 Evanescent-Mode Waveguide Band-Pass Filter Design 314 6211 Cross-Coupled Resonator Filter Design 319 6212 Design of Cross-Coupled Filters Using Dual-Mode Resonators 330 6213 Folded Resonator Cross-Coupled Filters 334 6214 Cross-Coupled Filters Using Planar Transmission Lines 338 63 Cross-Coupled Band-Pass Filters with Independently Controlled Transmission Zeros 345 64 Unified Approach to Tuning Coupled Resonator Filters 346 65 Dielectric Resonator Filters 349 651 Introduction 349 652 Modes in a Dielectric Resonator 351 References 368 Appendix 6A Slot Coupled Coaxial Combline Filter Design 373 Appendix 6B A Step-By-Step Procedure for Waveguide Folded and Elliptic Filter Design 375 Step 1: Designing the Basic Filter 375 Step 2: Bringing the Nonadjacent Resonators to Be Cross Coupled Close to Each Other 375 Step 3: Generating the Cross Coupling 375 Appendix 6C Design of Dielectric Resonator Filters 380 CHAPTER 7 Design of Multiplexers 385 71 Definition of a Multiplexer 385 72 Common Junction Multiplexer with Susceptance Annulling Network 386 73 Cascaded Directional Filter 388 74 Circulator Based Multiplexer 392 75 Manifold Multiplexer 394 751 Diplexer Design 398 752 Multiplexer Design 401 References 402