ELECTRICITY & ELECTRONICS: TEACH YOURSELF
CONTENTS PART DIRECT CURRENT 1 BASIC PHYSICAL CONCEPTS ATOMS PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND THE ATOMIC NUMBER ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS ELECTRONS IONS COMPOUNDS MOLECULES CONDUCTORS INSULATORS RESISTORS SEMICONDUCTORS CURRENT STATIC ELECTRICITY ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE NONELECTRICAL ENERGY QUIZ 2 ELECTRICAL UNITS THE VOLT CURRENT FLOW THE AMPERE RESISTANCE AND THE OHM CONDUCTANCE AND THE SIEMENS POWER AND THE WATT ENERGY AND THE WATT HOUR OTHER ENERGY UNITS AC WAVES AND THE HERTZ RECTIFICATION AND FLUCTUATING DIRECT CURRENT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN ELECTRICAL WORK MAGNETISM MAGNETIC UNITS 3 MEASURING DEVICES ELECTROMAGNETIC DEFLECTION ELECTROSTATIC DEFLECTION THERMAL HEATING AMMETERS VOLTMETERS OHMMETERS MULTIMETERS FET AND VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETERS WATTMETERS WATT-HOUR METERS DIGITAL READOUT METERS FREQUENCY COUNTERS OTHER SPECIALIZED METER TYPES 4 BASIC DC CIRCUITS SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS WIRING DIAGRAMS VOLTAGE/CURRENT/RESISTANCE CIRCUIT OHM’S LAW CURRENT CALCULATIONS VOLTAGE CALCULATIONS RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS POWER CALCULATIONS RESISTANCES IN SERIES RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL DIVISION OF POWER RESISTANCES IN SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTIVE LOADS IN GENERAL 5 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS CURRENT THROUGH SERIES RESISTANCES VOLTAGES ACROSS SERIES RESISTANCES VOLTAGE ACROSS PARALLEL RESISTANCES CURRENTS THROUGH PARALLEL RESISTANCES POWER DISTRIBUTION IN SERIES CIRCUITS POWER DISTRIBUTION IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST LAW KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND LAW VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORKS 6 RESISTORS PURPOSE OF THE RESISTOR THE CARBON-COMPOSITION RESISTOR THE WIREWOUND RESISTOR FILM TYPE RESISTORS INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT RESISTORS THE POTENTIOMETER THE DECIBEL THE RHEOSTAT RESISTOR VALUES TOLERANCE POWER RATING TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION THE COLOR CODE 7 CELLS AND BATTERIES KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CELLS THE WESTON STANDARD CELL STORAGE CAPACITY COMMON DIME-STORE CELLS AND BATTERIES MINIATURE CELLS AND BATTERIES LEAD-ACID CELLS AND BATTERIES NICKEL-CADMIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND BATTERIES HOW LARGE A BATTERY? 8 MAGNETISM THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MAGNETIC FORCE ELECTRIC CHARGE IN MOTION FLUX LINES MAGNETIC POLARITY DIPOLES AND MONOPOLES MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH PERMEABILITY RETENTIVITY PERMANENT MAGNETS THE SOLENOID THE DC MOTOR MAGNETIC DATA STORAGE TEST: PART PART ALTERNATING CURRENT 9 ALTERNATING CURRENT BASICS DEFINITION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT PERIOD AND FREQUENCY THE SINE WAVE THE SQUARE WAVE SAWTOOTH WAVES COMPLEX AND IRREGULAR WAVEFORMS FREQUENCY SPECTRUM LITTLE BITS OF A CYCLE PHASE DIFFERENCE AMPLITUDE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT SUPERIMPOSED DIRECT CURRENT THE AC GENERATOR WHY AC? 10 INDUCTANCE THE PROPERTY OF INDUCTANCE PRACTICAL INDUCTORS THE UNIT OF INDUCTANCE INDUCTORS IN SERIES INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL INTERACTION AMONG INDUCTORS EFFECTS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE AIR-CORE COILS POWDERED-IRON AND FERRITE CORES PERMEABILITY TUNING TOROIDS POT CORES FILTER CHOKES INDUCTORS AT AUDIO FREQUENCY INDUCTORS AT RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION-LINE INDUCTORS UNWANTED INDUCTANCES 11 CAPACITANCE THE PROPERTY OF CAPACITANCE PRACTICAL CAPACITORS THE UNIT OF CAPACITANCE CAPACITORS IN SERIES CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL DIELECTRIC MATERIALS PAPER CAPACITORS MICA CAPACITORS CERAMIC CAPACITORS PLASTIC-FILM CAPACITORS ELECTROLYTIC CAPCITORS TANTALUM CAPACITORS SEMICONDUCTOR CAPACITORS VARIABLE CAPACITORS TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT INTERELECTRODE CAPACITANCE 12 PHASE INSTANTANEOUS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATE OF CHANGE SINE WAVES AS CIRCULAR MOTION DEGREES OF PHASE RADIANS OF PHASE PHASE COINCIDENCE PHASE OPPOSITION LEADING PHASE LAGGING PHASE VECTOR DIAGRAMS OF PHASE RELATIONSHIPS 13 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE COILS AND DIRECT CURRENT COILS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT REACTANCE AND FREQUENCY POINTS IN THE RL PLANE VECTORS IN THE RL PLANE CURRENT LAGS VOLTAGE INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE HOW MUCH LAG? 14 CAPACITIVE REACTANCE CAPACITORS AND DIRECT CURRENT CAPACITORS AND ALTERNATING CURRENT POINTS IN THE RC PLANE VECTORS IN THE RC PLANE CURRENT LEADS VOLTAGE HOW MUCH LEAD? 15 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE IMAGINARY NUMBERS COMPLEX NUMBERS THE COMPLEX NUMBER PLANE THE RX PLANE VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF IMPEDANCE ABSOLUTE-VALUE IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE CONDUCTANCE SUSCEPTANCE ADMITTANCE THE GB PLANE VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF ADMITTANCE WHY ALL THESE DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS? 16 RLC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS COMPLEX IMPEDANCES IN SERIES SERIES RLC CIRCUITS COMPLEX ADMITTANCES IN PARALLEL PARALLEL GLC CIRCUITS CONVERTING FROM ADMITTANCE TO IMPEDANCE PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER REDUCING COMPLICATED RLC CIRCUITS OHM’S LAW FOR AC CIRCUITS 17 POWER AND RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUITS WHAT IS POWER? TRUE POWER DOESN’T TRAVEL REACTANCE DOES NOT CONSUME POWER TRUE POWER, VA POWER AND REACTIVE POWER POWER FACTOR CALCULATION OF POWER FACTOR HOW MUCH OF THE POWER IS TRUE? POWER TRANSMISSION SERIES RESONANCE PARALLEL RESONANCE CALCULATING RESONANT FREQUENCY RESONANT DEVICES 18 TRANSFORMERS AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO TRANSFORMER CORES TRANSFORMER GEOMETRY THE AUTOTRANSFORMER POWER TRANSFORMERS AUDIO-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS ISOLATION TRANSFORMERS IMPEDANCE-TRANSFER RATIO RADIO-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS WHAT ABOUT REACTANCE? BASIC ELECTRONICS 19 INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTORS THE SEMICONDUCTOR REVOLUTION SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS DOPING MAJORITY AND MINORITY CHARGE CARRIERS ELECTRON FLOW HOLE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF A P-N JUNCTION HOW THE JUNCTION WORKS JUNCTION CAPACITANCE AVALANCHE EFFECT 20 SOME USES OF DIODES RECTIFICATION DETECTION FREQUENCY MULTIPLICATION MIXING SWITCHING VOLTAGE REGULATION AMPLITUDE LIMITING FREQUENCY CONTROL OSCILLATION AND AMPLIFICATION ENERGY EMISSION PHOTOSENSITIVE DIODES 21 POWER SUPPLIES PARTS OF A POWER SUPPLY THE POWER TRANSFORMER THE DIODE THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER THE FULL-WAVE, CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER THE VOLTAGE DOUBLER THE FILTER SURGE CURRENT TRANSIENT SUPPRESSION FUSES AND BREAKERS PERSONAL SAFETY 22 THE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR NPN VERSUS PNP NPN BIASING PNP BIASING BIASING FOR CURRENT AMPLIFICATION STATIC CURRENT AMPLIFICATION DYNAMIC CURRENT AMPLIFICATION OVERDRIVE GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT 23 THE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR PRINCIPLE OF THE JFET N-CHANNEL VERSUS P-CHANNEL DEPLETION AND PINCHOFF JFET BIASING VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION DRAIN CURRENT VERSUS DRAIN VOLTAGE TRANSCONDUCTANCE THE MOSFET DEPLETION MODE VERSUS ENHANCEMENT MODE COMMON-SOURCE CIRCUIT COMMON-GATE CIRCUIT COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT A NOTE ABOUT NOTATION 24 AMPLIFIERS BASIC BIPOLAR AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BASIC FET AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT THE CLASS-A AMPLIFIER THE CLASS-AB AMPLIFIER THE CLASS-B AMPLIFIER THE CLASS-C AMPLIFIER PA EFFICIENCY DRIVE AND OVERDRIVE AUDIO AMPLIFICATION COUPLING METHODS RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFICATION 25 OSCILLATORS USES OF OSCILLATORS POSITIVE FEEDBACK CONCEPT OF THE OSCILLATOR THE ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR THE HARTLEY CIRCUIT THE COLPITTS CIRCUIT THE CLAPP CIRCUIT STABILITY CRYSTAL-CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS THE VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR THE PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER DIODE OSCILLATORS AUDIO WAVEFORMS AUDIO OSCILLATORS IC OSCILLATORS 26 DATA TRANSMISSION THE CARRIER WAVE THE MORSE CODE FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING AMPLITUDE MODULATION FOR VOICE SINGLE SIDEBAND FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION PULSE MODULATION ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION IMAGE TRANSMISSION THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD TRANSMISSION MEDIA 27 DATA RECEPTION RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION RECEIVER SPECIFICATIONS DEFINITION OF DETECTION DETECTION OF AM SIGNALS DETECTION OF CW SIGNALS DETECTION OF FSK SIGNALS DETECTION OF SSB SIGNALS DETECTION OF FM SIGNALS DETECTION OF PM SIGNALS DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING THE PRINCIPLE OF SIGNAL MIXING THE PRODUCT DETECTOR THE SUPERHETERODYNE A MODULATED-LIGHT RECEIVER 28 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND DATA STORAGE MEDIA BOXES AND CANS ADVANTAGES OF IC TECHNOLOGY LIMITATIONS OF IC TECHNOLOGY LINEAR VERSUS DIGITAL TYPES OF LINEAR ICS BIPOLAR DIGITAL ICS MOS DIGITAL ICS COMPONENT DENSITY IC MEMORY MAGNETIC MEDIA COMPACT DISKS 29 ELECTRON TUBES VACUUM VERSUS GAS-FILLED THE DIODE TUBE THE TRIODE EXTRA GRIDS SOME TUBES ARE OBSOLETE RADIO-FRQUENCY POWER AMPLIFIERS CATHODE-RAY TUBES VIDEO CAMERA TUBES TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES 30 BASIC DIGITAL PRINCIPLES NUMBERING SYSTEMS LOGIC SIGNALS BASIC LOGIC OPERATIONS SYMBOLS FOR LOGIC GATES COMPLEX LOGIC OPERATORS WORKING WITH TRUTH TABLES BOOLEAN ALGEBRA THE FLIP-FLOP THE COUNTER THE REGISTER THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION ADVANCED ELECTRONICS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGY 31 ACOUSTICS, AUDIO, AND HIGH FIDELITY ACOUSTICS LOUDNESS AND PHASE TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS BASIC COMPONENTS OTHER COMPONENTS SPECIALIZED SYSTEMS RECORDED MEDIA ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE 32 WIRELESS AND PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEMS ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS RADIO-FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS INFRARED TRANSDUCERS WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS WIRELESS SECURITY SYSTEMS HOBBY RADIO NOISE 33 COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET THE MICROPROCESSOR AND CPU BYTES, KILOBYTES, MEGABYTES, AND GIGABYTES THE HARD DRIVE OTHER FORMS OF MASS STORAGE RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY THE DISPLAY THE PRINTER THE MODEM THE INTERNET 34 ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ASIMOV’S THREE LAWS ROBOT GENERATIONS INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT? ROBOT ARMS ROBOTIC HEARING AND VISION ROBOTIC NAVIGATION TELEPRESENCE THE MIND OF THE MACHINE FINAL EXAM