BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
1 Electronics, Current and Voltage Sources and Semiconductor Physics 1 11 Definition of Electronics 1 12 Applications of Electronics 2 13 Modern Trends in Electronics 3 14 Electronic Components 4 15 Sources of Electrical Power 11 16 Concepts of Current Sources 15 17 Concepts of Voltage Sources 16 18 Comparison Between Voltage and Current Sources 16 19 Equivalence Between Voltage Sources and Current Sources 17 110 Concepts of Atom 20 111 Concepts of Metals 22 112 Concepts of Conductors 22 113 Concepts of Semiconductors and Insulators 23 114 Classification of Materials Based on Energy Band Theory 24 115 Intrinsic Semiconductors 26 116 Extrinsic Semiconductors 28 117 Drift and Diffusion Current 31 118 Terminal Exercises 33 119 Answers of Objective Type Questions 35 2 Semiconductor Diode and Its Applications 37 21 p-n Junction 37 22 Properties of a p-n Junction 38 23 Forward Biasing and Reverse biasing 39 24 Volt-Ampere (V-I) Characteristics of p-n Junction Diode 41 25 Diode Current Equation 42 26 Diode Equivalent Circuit 42 27 Volt-Ampere (V-I) Characteristics of Ideal Diode 43 28 Static and Dynamic Resistance of a Diode 44 29 Half-Wave Rectifier 45 210 Full-Wave Rectifier 48 211 Comparison of Rectifiers 52 212 Filters 53 213 Capacitor Filter (C-Filter) 53 214 Clipper 57 215 Clamper 61 216 Breakdown Phenomenon 66 217 Zener Diode 67 218 Terminal Exercises 87 219 Answers of Objective Type Questions 89 3 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Transistor Biasing and Stabilization of Operating Point 90 31 Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistor (Bjt ) 90 32 Transistor Structure 93 33 Operating Regions of a Transistor 97 34 Working of a pnp Bipolar Junction Transistor 99 35 Concept of Leakage Current and Effect of Temperature on Leakage Current 100 36 Transistor Characteristics and Its Configurations 100 37 Comparison of Cb, Cc and Ce Configurations 106 38 DC Load Line 109 39 Selection of Operating Point (Q) 110 310 Bias Stabilization 111 311 Causes for Bias Instability 111 312 Types of Bias Circuit for Class A Amplifiers 113 313 Stability Factor 121 314 Terminal Exercises 126 315 Answers of Objective Type Questions 128 4 Applications of Bjt s 129 41 Transistors as an Amplifier 129 42 Cascading of Amplifiers 133 43 Single-Stage RC Coupled Amplifier 133 44 Two-Stage RC Coupled Amplifier 134 45 Transformer-Coupled Class A Power Amplifier 136 46 Direct Coupled Class A Power Amplifier 139 47 Introduction to Power Amplifiers 140 48 Classification of Power Amplifiers 141 49 Feedback Amplifier 148 410 Negative Feedback Amplifier 148 411 Darlington Pair 157 412 Push-Pull Amplifiers 159 413 Terminal Exercises 163 414 Answers of Objective Type Questions 165 5 Field Effect Transistor (Fet ) and Special Diodes and Their Applications 166 51 Introduction 166 52 Biasing the Jfet 167 53 DC Biasing Jfet 172 54 Small Signal Amplifier 175 55 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 176 56 Tunnel Diode 181 57 Liquid-Crystal Display 183 58 Terminal Exercises 187 59 Answers of Objective Type Questions 191 6 Electronic Oscillators and Basics of Scr and Ujt 192 61 Introduction 192 62 Types of Sinusoidal Oscillations 193 63 Oscillatory Circuit 193 64 Positive Feedback Amplifier-Oscillator 195 65 Types of Transistor Oscillators 196 66 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 200 67 Unijunction Transistor 202 68 Terminal Exercises 205 69 Answers of Objective Type Questions 207 7 Number Systems and Boolean Algebra 208 71 Binary Number System 208 72 Octal Number System 209 73 Hexadecimal Number System 209 74 Number System Conversion 209 75 Signed Binary Numbers 214 76 Cyclic Code or Grey Code 216 77 Binary Codes 217 78 Introduction to Boolean Algebra 218 79 Boolean Functions 222 710 Canonical and Standard Forms 223 711 Canonical Form 223 712 Standard Forms 225 713 Terminal Exercises 226 714 Answers of Objective Type Questions 228 8 Combinational Circuits 229 81 Logic Gates and Their Truth Tables 229 82 Half Adder 233 83 Full Adder 234 84 Subtractors 235 85 Parallel Adder/Subtractor 237 86 Decoders 238 87 Encoders 241 88 Multiplexers 242 89 Demultiplexer 244 810 Terminal Exercises 247 811 Answers of Objective Type Questions 249 9 Sequential Circuits 250 91 Introduction 250 92 Flip-Flops 251 93 Master-Slave Flip-Flop 256 94 Counters 257 95 Synchronous Counters 260 96 Ring Counter 262 97 Johnson Counter 263 98 Applications of Counters 264 99 Registers 265 910 Terminal Exercises 266 911 Answers of Objective Type Questions 269 10 Digital Logic Families 270 101 Introduction 270 102 Digital Logic Families 271 103 Basic Concepts of Digital Ics 271 104 Diode Logic (Dl) 277 105 Resistor Transistor Logic (Rtl ) 278 106 Diode Transistor Logic (Dtl ) 278 107 Transistor-Transistor Logic (Ttl ) 279 108 Emitter Coupled Logic (Ecl ) 281 109 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic 281 1010 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic 282 1011 Terminal Exercises 283 1012 Answers of Objective Type Questions 284 11 Electronic Instruments and Measurements 285 111 Characteristics of Electronic Instruments 285 112 Multimeter 300 113 Digital Voltmeters (Dvm s) 310 114 Classification of Digital Voltmeter 311 115 Characteristics of Analog to Digital Converter (Adc ) 316 116 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope (Cro ) 323 117 Cro Measurements 331 118 Cro Probes 334 119 Terminal Exercises 337 1110 Answers of Objective Type Questions 339 12 Basics and Applications of Communication System 340 121 Introduction 340 122 General Principle of Transmission and Reception 341 123 Radio Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception 345 124 Need for Modulation 346 125 Modulation 347 126 Types of Modulation 348 127 Amplitude Modulation 352 128 Mathematical Analysis of Amplitude Modulation 355 129 Transistor Am Modulator 363 1210 Frequency Modulation 365 1211 Phase Modulation 372 1212 Demodulation 373 1213 Terminal Exercises 381 1214 Answers of Objective Type Questions 383 13 Basics and Applications of Operational Amplifier 384 131 Introduction 384 132 Block Diagram of an Op-Amp 389 133 Concept of Virtual Ground 389 134 Applications of Op-Amp 390 135 Definitions of Performance Parameters of Op-Amp 393 136 Characteristics of an Ideal Op-Amp 395 137 Inverting Amplifier 395 138 Non-Inverting Amplifier 396 139 Voltage Follower 397 1310 Inverting Adder 398 1311 Integrator 399 1312 Differentiator 400 1313 Terminal Exercises 410 1314 Answers of Objective Type Questions 412